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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a passive process?
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Processes that do not require the use of energy (ATP)
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What are the 4 processes of passive transport?
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1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis 3. Filtration 4. Facilitated diffusion |
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What is diffusion?
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NET movement of SOLUTES from an area of high solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration
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The rate of diffusion ACROSS A MEMBRANE is proportional to what 3 things?
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1. temperature
2. diffusion gradient (the difference between high and low area) 3. lipid solubility |
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The rate of diffusion ACROSS A MEMBRANE is inversely proportional to what?
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the molecular weight
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What types of molecules can diffuse across a membrane?
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non-polar molecules are soluble solutes
ex: oxygen, fats, urea, co2, alcohol |
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Where do small, lipid insoluble solutes diffuse through?
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protein channels
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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LARGE lipid INsoluble substances (ex glucose) must attach to a carrier protein in the membrane to cause a change in the shape of the carrier allowing the substance to diffuse to the other side
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What is osmosis?
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the net movement of water through a SEMIpermeable barrier from an area of HIGH WATER concentration to an area of LOWER water concentration (higher solute)
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What is osmotic pressure?
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the amount of pressure necessary to stop osmosis
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What is osmolarity (Osm)?
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the total number of dissolved particles in ONE LITER of water
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Isotonic solutions have the __ osmolarity as a cell.
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same
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Hypotonic solutions have a __ osmolarity than a cell.
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lesser
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Hypertonic solution have a __ osmolarity than a cell.
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greater
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What is filtration?
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movement of solutes AND solvent from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure through a semi-permeable membrane
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What is an active process?
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processes that use energy to move material
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What are the 4 processes of active transport?
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1. active transport
2. phagocytosis 3. pinocytosis 4. exocytosis |
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What is active transport?
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Transports substances (amino acids) AGAINST their concentration gradient
ex: Na-K pump (3 sodium out, 2 k in) |
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What is phagocytosis?
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the cell membrane surrounds materials that should go inside the cell
ex: WBC |
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What is pinocytosis?
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cell membrane invaginates
ex: cell drinking |
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What is exocytosis?
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vesicle already inside cell
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What is the cell cycle?
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the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication)
formation to cell division |
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What are the 2 components of the cell cycle?
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1. interphase
2. mitosis |
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What is interphase?
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the time of growth and formation of a cell's normal functioning
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What is M-phase (mitosis)?
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the time in the cell cycle when the cell is dividing
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The rate of mitosis is dependent on what?
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Cell type
ex: epithelial cells have a high rate whereas mature muscle and nerve cells do not divide at all |
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What is the result of mitosis?
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the production of a genetically identical daughter cell
(providing that no mutation occurred) |
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What kind of cells divide by mitosis?
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only somatic (body) cells
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What kind of cells divide by meiosis?
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the sex cells (gametes aka ova and sperm)
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What are the 3 steps in interphase?
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G1, S, G2
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What is G1?
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A period marked by rapid growth (size), high metabolic activity, and the centrioles begin to divide
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What is S?
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A period marked by growth and DNA replication
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What is the beginning of S phase?
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Starting in the middle, DNA strands unwind
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When does S phase stop?
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process repeats until there are 2 molecules of identical DNA
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What S phase steps require DNA polymerase?
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2. bonds between complementary bases break
3. nucleotides in NUCLEUS bond with their complementary bases along the 2 exposed strands 4. adjacent nucleotides bond sugar-phosphate |
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What is G2?
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Growth, synthesis of substances needed for mitosis, centrioles finished
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4 phases in mitosis?
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1. prophase
2. metaphase 3. anaphase 4. telophase and cytokinesis |
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prophase
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1. chromosomes consist of 2 chromatids connected by a centromere
2. nucleolus and nuclear membrane are NO LONGER VISIBLE 3. centrioles BEGIN to move to opposite poles 4. SPINDLE apparatus begins to form |
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metaphase
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1. chromatids line up at the center of the cell
2. spindle apparatus complete |
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anaphase
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1. centromeres split
2. daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of cells by spindle |
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telophas
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1. chromosomes revert to their original configuration
2. nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear 3. cytokinesis occurs resulting in the formation of 2 identical cells |
