Physiology V01 1.2

Front 1

Name the 4 biologically important macromolecules?

Back 1

1. carbs
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids

Front 2

Name the compositional elements of carbs. Name their ratio.

Back 2

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

1:2:1

Front 3

Name the 3 types of carbs.

Back 3

1. monosaccharides
2. disaccharides
3. polysaccharides

Front 4

What are monosaccharides?

Back 4

3-10 carbon atoms

ex:glucose, ribose, fructose

Front 5

What are disaccharides?

Back 5

2 monosaccharides

ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose

Front 6

What are polysaccharides?

Back 6

many monosaccharides

ex: glycogen and starch

Front 7

What are the 3 functions of carbs?

Back 7

1. energy source (glucose)
2. energy storage (starch)
3. structural component of cells

Front 8

What are lipids composed of?

Back 8

C, H, O

Front 9

What are the 3 types of lipids?

Back 9

1. simple lipids
2. phospholipids
3. steroids

Front 10

What are simple lipids?

Back 10

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Front 11

What are the 2 types of simple lipids?

Back 11

1. unsaturated- have double bond between carbon atoms

2. saturated- no double bond between carbon atoms

Front 12

What are the components of phospholipids?

Back 12

glycerol + 2 FAs + phosphate

Front 13

What are the 4 functions of lipids?

Back 13

1. energy storage
2. hormones
3. structural component of cells
4. vitamins (A, D, E, K)

Front 14

What are proteins composed of?

Back 14

C, H, O and N...and sometimes S, which together form amino acids (there are 20 common amino acids)

Front 15

What are the 2 types of proteins?

Back 15

1. linear
2. globular

Front 16

What are linear proteins? give ex

Back 16

straight chains

ex: keratin, collagen, actin

Front 17

What are globular proteins? give ex

Back 17

compact and spherical (most proteins)

ex: hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes

Front 18

What is primary structure?

Back 18

refers to the sequence of AA in the chain (all proteins have this)

Front 19

What is secondary structure?

Back 19

refers to helical or pleated sheet form of the chain

Front 20

What is tertiary structure?

Back 20

refers to how a chain folds on itself

Front 21

What is quartinary structure?

Back 21

refers to how multiple chains are arranged

Front 22

What are the 6 functions of proteins?

Back 22

1. structural component of cells
2. movement (actin and myosin)
3. protection (antibodies)
4. hormones (insulin, FSH, TSH)
5. buffers (chemicals that resist changes in pH)
6. enzymes (increase the rate of reactions without being changed themselves)

Front 23

Enzymes is Greek for __

Back 23

"in yeast"

Front 24

Enzymes increase the __ of biochemical reactions without being changed themselves and do not change the nature of the reaction.

Back 24

rate

Front 25

Enzymes are specific as to what reactions they catalyze due to their __

Back 25

shape

Front 26

The active site of enzymes must physically and chemically match that of their __.

Back 26

substrates

Front 27

Enzymes __ activation energy

Back 27

reduce

Front 28

What is activation energy?

Back 28

the amount of energy required for the reaction to occur

Front 29

When combined, the bonds formed between the enzyme and substrate __ the bonds within the substrate, making them more likely to react.

Back 29

weaken

Front 30

What are the 5 factors that effect enzyme activity?

Back 30

1. temperature
2. pH
3. concentration of activators
4. concentration of inhibitors
5. concentration of substrate

Front 31

How does temperature effect enzyme activity?

Back 31

PROPORTIONAL up until 40C, after which the tertiary structure of the enzyme is altered and loses its activity (denaturation)

Front 32

How does pH effect enzyme activity?

Back 32

Each enzyme has an OPTIMAL pH RANGE, most are between 7.3 to 7.4, however some are as low as 2 (pepsin) and as high as 11 (trypsin)

Front 33

what are activators?

Back 33

chemicals that STIMULATE enzyme activity

Front 34

What are 3 types of activators?

Back 34

1. cofactors
2. coenzymes
3. regulatory molecules (hormones and other enzymes)

Front 35

What are cofactors?

Back 35

calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, manganese, etc (inorganic)

Front 36

What are coenzymes?

Back 36

ORGANIC molecules derived from water soluble vitamins (niacin, riboflavin)

Front 37

What are inhibitors?

Back 37

chemicals that decrease enzyme activity

Front 38

What are 3 types of inhibitors?

Back 38

1. toxins
2. hormones
3. products of enzyme action (end-product inhibition)

Front 39

What are toxins?

Back 39

CN, Hg, Ag, As, and organophosphates

Front 40

Hormones may be __ or __

Back 40

inhibitory or stimulatory

Front 41

concentration of __ is proportional to enzyme activity, up until the __ __

Back 41

substrate, saturation point

Front 42

What is the saturation point?

Back 42

the point where the limiting factor becomes the ENZYME CONCENTRATION

Front 43

What is the composition of nucleic acids?

Back 43

C,H,O,N,P, which form units called nucleotides

Front 44

3 components of a nucleotide?

Back 44

1. a nitrogenous base (A, G, C, U, or T)
2. phosphate group
3. sugar

Front 45

Nucleotides bond together to form?

Back 45

A single OR a double chain via hydrogen bonds

Front 46

Chargaff's rules?

Back 46

A-T (or A-U in RNA)

G-C

Front 47

4 functions of nucleic acids?

Back 47

1. contain genetic information (DNA)
2. protein synthesis (RNA)
3. vitamins
4. structural components of cells

Front 48

What is the basic building block of living things in terms of structure and function?

Back 48

cell

Front 49

The activity of an organism is dependent upon __

Back 49

the activity of its cell

Front 50

The cell's activities are determined by its __ structure

Back 50

subcellular

Front 51

2 components of a generalized animal cell:

Back 51

1. cell (plasma) membrane
2. cytoplasm

Front 52

What are the 3 components of cytoplasm?

Back 52

1. cytosol
2. organelles
3. inclusions

Front 53

The cell membrane is composed of what 3 portions?

Back 53

1. phospholipid bilayer (42%)
2. protein (55%)
3. carbohydrates (3%)

Front 54

What are 2 types of proteins?

Back 54

1. integral proteins: structural components of the membrane
2. peripheral proteins: loosely attached to the inner and outer cell

Front 55

What are the carbs attached to in the plasma membrane?

Back 55

1. proteins (glycoproteins)
2. lipids (glycolipids)

Front 56

How is the cell membrane's structure described?

Back 56

fluid mosaic model

Front 57

What are the 2 functions of the phospholipid bilayer?

Back 57

1. encloses the cell
2. isolates the inside of the cell from the outside since water and many solutes (lipid insoluble) can not pass through

Front 58

What are the 7 functions of cell membrane proteins?

Back 58

1. attachment to other cells and to internal or external structures
2. cell recognition
3. enzymes
4. receptors for ligands, extracellular substances such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other solutes
5. carriers to transport solutes through the membrane
6. leak channels provide passages through which water and ions can pass through the membrane
7. gated channels are able to open and close in response to various types of stimuli to regulate the passages of ions through the membrane

Front 59

what are the 4 functions of PM carbs?

Back 59

1. lubrication
2. attachment points
3. receptors
4. cell recognition

Front 60

What are 4 specialized structures of the membrane?

Back 60

1. tight junctions
2. desmosomes
3. gap junctions
4. microvilli

Front 61

What are tight junctions?

Back 61

consist of protein filaments that link adjacent cells forming an impermeable barrier

ex: lining of digestive tract

Front 62

What are desmosomes?

Back 62

consist of protein filaments between thickened inner cell membrane

ex: tissues that experience stress- heart and skin

Front 63

What are gap junctions?

Back 63

consist of protein channels connecting one cell to another

ex: heart and smooth muscles

Front 64

What are microvilli?

Back 64

finger-like extensions of the cell membrane that increase the SA of the cell

ex: kidneys and intestines

Front 65

What is cytosol?

Back 65

fluid between the cell membrane and the nucleus

Front 66

What is the composition of the cytosol?

Back 66

-water (75-80%)
-electrolytes
-organic compounds

Front 67

What are the 3 functions of cytosol?

Back 67

1. biochemical reaction site
2. solvent to dissolve solutes
3. suspension medium (materials float in it)

Front 68

3 features of mitochondria?

Back 68

1. double membrane-bound sack
2. composition and structure are the same as the cell membrane
3. site of ATP synthesis

Front 69

3 features of ribosomes?

Back 69

1. small acorn-shaped structures consisting of a small and large subunits
2. composed of protein and rRNA
3. site of protein synthesis

Front 70

3 features of the ER?

Back 70

1. network of membrane bound channels
2. composition and structure is the same as the cell membrane
3. types: rough and smooth
4. synthesis of GLYCOPROTEINS, LIPIDS, AND INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT

Front 71

3 features of the golgi apparatus?

Back 71

1. stacks of membrane-bound channels
2. structure and comp same as cell membrane
3. synthesis and secretion of GLYCOPROTEINS

Front 72

3 features of lysosomes?

Back 72

1. SINGLE membrane sack
2. structure and composition are the same as the cell membrane
3. contains enzymes for intracellular digestion

Front 73

3 features of peroxisomes?

Back 73

1. single membrane bound sack
2. structure and composition of cell membrane
3. contains enzymes that degrade H2O2, a toxin

Front 74

What are microfilaments?

Back 74

-THIN strands
-composed of ACTIN
-intracellular support and movement

Front 75

What are microtubules?

Back 75

-long HOLLOW tubes
-composed of TUBULIN
-intracellular support, intracellular and cell movements, structural component

Front 76

What are centrioles?

Back 76

-pair of barrel-shaped structures
-consists of 9 SETS OF TRIPLET microtubules
-movement of chromosomes during cell division

Front 77

2 features of MOTILE cilia and flagella?

Back 77

1. hair-like extensions of the cell membrane
2. 9 SETS OF DOUBLE MICROTUBULES WITH 2 IN THE CENTER

Front 78

What do cilia do?

Back 78

move materials over the surface of cells

Front 79

What do flagella do?

Back 79

move the entire cell (ex: sperm cells)

Front 80

What is the basal body (centriole)?

Back 80

anchors and controls movement of cilium/flagellum

Front 81

What are 3 features of primary cilia?

Back 81

1. 9 SETS OF DOUBLES WITH NOTHING IN THE MIDDLE
2. similar in structure to motile cilia, but lack middle 2 microtubules (9+0) and are NON MOTILE
3. almost all cells have or had them (usually 1/cell)
4. function as mechanoreceptors (lining kidney tubules), chemoreceptors (olfactory neurons), and photoreceptors (rods and cones)

Front 82

What is a nucleus?

Back 82

-double membrane bound sack
-structure and composition are the same as the cell membrane
-controls the structure and function of the entire cell, synthesis of ribosomes (nucleolus)

Front 83

What are inclusions?

Back 83

-clusters of organic or inorganic substances suspended within the cytosol

ex: energy storage inclusion (glycogen, fat)
ex: secretory inclusion ( mucous and hormones)