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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 3 muscle types
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1. skeletal muscle
2. cardiac muscle 3. smooth muscle |
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What muscle type is voluntary
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skeletal muscle
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What muscle types is involuntary
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1. cardiac muscle
2. smooth muscle |
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What muscle type is striated? non-striated?
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striated: skeletal
non-striated: smooth muscle |
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What muscle type is shaped like a cylinder
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skeletal muscle
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What muscle type is shaped like a branch
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cardiac muscle
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What muscle type is shaped like a spindle
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smooth muscle
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What muscle type has a single nucleus
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smooth muscle
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What muscle type is multi nucleated
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skeletal muscle
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What muscle type has intercalated discs
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cardiac muscle
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What is fascia
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problems with connective tissue
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myofibrils
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multiple in one cell
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myofilaments
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smaller than a myofibrils
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What are 3 parts of myofibril structure
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1. sarcomere
2. myosin 3. actin |
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sarcomere
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functional unit of striated muscles
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What two muscle types are sarcomeres involved in
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1. skeletal muscle
2. cardiac muscle |
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Is myosin or actin a thick filament?
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myosin
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Is myosin or actin a thin filament?
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actin
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What have sacromeres between them
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Z-disks
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What helps attach myosin to the Z-disk
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titin filament
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What are the head and tail of a myosin filament
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proteins
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What are two binding sites on myosin filaments
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1. Actin binding site
2. ATP binding site |
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What are three protein units on actin filaments
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1. G-actin
2. troponin complex 3. tropomyosin |
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What protein is bead like
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G-actin
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What do troponin complexes help with
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binding
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What parts do neurogenic initiation involve
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motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
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What are small motor units used for
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precision
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What are large motor units used for
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large gross movements
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Do muscles contract at the same force
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no
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What is neuromuscular junction
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a motor axon's synapse
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What type of receptor does neuromuscular junction release
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nicotinic Ach receptors
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What does an Ach release in a neuromuscular junction cause
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EPSP
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What happens when Ach binds
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Na+ influx causing a graded potential
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What is Myastinian gravis
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autoimmune disease that destroys nicotinic Ach receptors making the strength of graded potential go down
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What type of stimulation is needed to begin the contraction-relaxation cycle
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neurogenic
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What must be exposed so myosin can bind
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actin
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What shortens during sliding
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sacromeres
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What is a sustained contraction
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tetany
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What detaches when cross-bridges break
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myosin heads
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What is a twitch
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single action potential followed by a single muscle contraction
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What is summation
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increase frequency of action potentials (prolonged contraction)
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What is tetany
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high frequency action potential with sustained contraction
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Does a twich, summation, or tetany cause muscle fatigue
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tetany
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What is muscle fatigue
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decrease force of contraction caused by ATP depletion
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Why does force go up with submation
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more action potentials keep it from coming to rest causing Ca+ increase in myoplasm making more myosin bind to actin
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Order from highest amount of force to lowest..tetany, twitch, submation
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1. tetany
2. submation 3. twitch |
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Isometric
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same length when sacromere shortens
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isotonic
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same tension when sarcomere shortens
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What causes congestive heart failure
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overstretching of the heart called enlargement
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If you increase the length of a muscle will the force also increase
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yes up to a point
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What happens to force when you overstretch the sarcomere
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force goes down
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3 skeletal muscle fiber types
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1. Type I: slow oxidative
2. Type II: fast oxidative 3.Type IIX: fast glycolytic |
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What does fast vs slow in muscle fibers mean
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fast: fatigue easily
slow: high resistance to fatigue |
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What does oxidative vs. glycolytic in muscle fibers mean
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oxidative: OX-PHOS; aerobic; high myoglobin
glycolytic:glycolysis; anaerobic |
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atrophy
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decrease in muscle size due to disuse
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hypertrophy
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increase in muscle size due to increase in components of muscle cells
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hyperplasia
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increase in number of muscle cells
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Oxygen debt
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O2 needed to restore creatine phosphate levels
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What ion does cardiac muscle need for an action potential
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Ca+
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Does skeletal muscle have to come to a complete rest before another action potential
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no
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