Physiology Test 3

Front 1

Back 1

1. Sarcomere

2. A band

3. H band

4. I band

5. Thin filament

6. Thick filament

7. Z disc

Front 2

Protein that runs fromz disc to M line and allows elastic recoil

Back 2

Titin

Front 3

Found in the middle of each A band. Help hold down thick filaments.

Back 3

M lines

Front 4

What protein is thick filament composed of

Back 4

Myosin

Front 5

What protein is thin filament composed of

Back 5

Actin-also have tropomyosin and troponin

Front 6

What is the purpose of troponin and tropomyosin?

Back 6

Keep myosin from binding at rest

Front 7

Where is calcium stored

Back 7

SR-sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 8

What is released to tell troponin it's time to contract

Back 8

Calcium

Front 9

Lymphatic organs

Back 9

Spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes

Front 10

Plasma proteins

Back 10

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

Front 11

Albumin

Back 11

Creates osmotic pressure. Helps draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure

Front 12

Types of globulins

Back 12

Alpha and beta-transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins

Gamma-antibodies that function in immunity

Front 13

Fibrinogen

Back 13

Helps in clotting after becoming fibrin

Front 14

Serum

Back 14

Blood without fibrinogen

Front 15

Erythrocytes

Back 15

RBCs- carry oxygen, flat biconcave discs. Lack nuclei and mitochondria. Have 120 day life span

Front 16

Leukocytes

Back 16

WBCs-have nuclei and mitochondria. Diapedesis (movement through capillary wall) 2 types granular and agranular

Front 17

Granular leukocytes

Back 17

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Front 18

Agranular

Back 18

Monocytes and lymphocytes (t-cells and b-cells)

Front 19

Heart structure

Back 19

Front 20

What prevents the AV valves from everting?

Back 20

Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

Front 21

Action potential of other cells vs pacemaker

Back 21

Pacemaker uses HCN-Ca2+-K+ hyperpolarization causes it to never stop

Hint 21

Front 22

Why do cardiac muscle action potential have a long plateau?

Back 22

Prevents summation and tetanus

Front 23

Structure of a Blood vessel

Back 23

1. Tunica Externa

2. Tunic media

3. Tunic interna

4. Endothelium

5. Lumen

Front 24

Structural differences in arteries and veins

Back 24

Veins have valves

Arteries have internal elastic membrane in tunica interna

Arterioles have precapillary sphincters.

Front 25

What is tunica interna made of

Back 25

simple squamous endothelium

Front 26

What is tunica media made of?

Back 26

Composed of smooth muscle tissue

Front 27

What is tunica externa made of?

Back 27

Connective tissue-it is the outer most layer

Front 28

Different types of capillaries?

Back 28

Fenestrated, continuous, discontinuous

Front 29

What type of capillaries are found in muscle, adipose tissue, and central nervous tissue? Adjacent cells are close together

Back 29

continuous

Front 30

What type of capillaries are found in kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands? Have pores in vessel walls.

Back 30

fenestrated

Front 31

What type of capillaries are found in bone marrow, liver and spleen? Have gaps to allow proteins through.

Back 31

Discontinuous

Front 32

Most blood volume is held where? Veins vs. Arteries

Back 32

Veins

Front 33

Thinner walled?

Veins vs Arteries

Back 33

Veins

Front 34

What three things help with venous return?

Back 34

Valves, breathing, and skeletal muscles

Front 35

What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 35

1. transport excess interstitial fluid

2. Transports absorbed fats

Front 36

What are the two types of immunity

Back 36

innate and adaptive

Front 37

Includes internal and external defenses. First line-epithelial membranes, high acidity in stomach, cells that canengulf/kill pathogens, fever

Back 37

Innate

Front 38

PAMPs?

Back 38

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

Front 39

Three types of phagocyte cells

Back 39

Neutrophils, Mononuclear phagocytic cells, and organ-specific phagocytes

Front 40

Fever is regulated by what??

Back 40

The hypothalmus

Front 41

Site of new T Lymphocytes through late childhood. Degenerates in adulthood

Back 41

Thymus

Front 42

Considered primary lymphoid organs

Back 42

Bone marrow and thymus

Front 43

Secondary lymphoid organs-capture and present pathogens

Back 43

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer's patches

Front 44

B cells can become what two types of cells?

Back 44

Memory or plasma. Plasma cells produce antibodies.

Front 45

What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins

Back 45

IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM, IgD

Front 46

Function of IgG

Back 46

Main form of antibody. Production increased after immunization; secreted during secondary response

Front 47

Function of IgA

Back 47

External secretions such as saliva and mother's milk

Front 48

Functions of IgE

Back 48

Responsible for allergic symptoms in immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Front 49

IgM

Back 49

Antigen receptor on lymphocyte surface prior to immunization; secreted during primary response

Front 50

IgD

Back 50

Function as antigen receptors on lymphocyte surface prior to immunization; other functions unknown

Front 51

Describe an antibody structure

Back 51

Y-shaped protein-2 long heavy chains 2 shorter light chains. Bottom is constant. Top varies by antibody

Front 52

Describe innate immunity

Back 52

inherited-nonspecific

Front 53

Describe adaptive immunity

Back 53

learned from exposure to specific pathogens-specific

Front 54

Killer T Lymphocytes

Back 54

Surface molecules-CD8

Secrete perforins and granzymes

Front 55

Helper T Lymphocytes

Back 55

Surface molecule is CD4

Improve ability of B lymphocytes to become plasma cells

Enhance Killer T cells

Secrete lymphokines

Front 56

Regulatory T Lymphocytes

Back 56

Surface molecules CD4 and CD25

Inhibit response of B lymphocytes and killer t lymphocytes