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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are chemicals released from the endocrine gland
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hormone
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Do hormone glands have ducts
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no
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How do hormones travel
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bloodstream
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Where do hormones travel to
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tissue or organs
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What two type of receptors are target cells
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1. plasma membrane receptor
2. intracellular receptor |
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What part of the brain is responsible for endocrine glands
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hypothalamus
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What type of tissue is the hypothalamus
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neuroendocrine tissue
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What does the hypothalamus release onto
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pituitary gland
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What does releasing onto the pituitary gland cause a release of
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neurohormones
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Nervous system speed vs. endocrine speed
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nervous system:milliseconds
endocrine system: minutes to hours |
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What 4 things are hormones made of
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1. amines
2. polypeptides and proteins 3. glycoproteins 4. steroids |
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What is the precursor molecule to hormones
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cholestral
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What are two types of hormones
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1. lipid soluble hormones
2. lipid insoluble hormones |
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What is an example of a lipid soluble hormone
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steroid
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What is an example of a lipid insoluble hormone
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insulin
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What type of receptor is lipid soluble hormone
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intracellular
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What type of receptor is lipid insoluble hormone
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plasma membrane
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Do lipid insoluble or lipid soluble hormones affect gene expression
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lipid soluble
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Is a lipid insoluble hormone a long term or short term response
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short term
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Is a lipid soluble hormone a long term or short term response
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long term
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What is the 2nd messenger for lipid insoluble hormone
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cAMP
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What are 3 types of hormone control mechanisms
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1. negative feedback
2. positive feedback 3. upregulation vs. downregulation |
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What is an example of a hormone used in positive feedback
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oxytocin from posterior pituitary gland
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What does upregulation vs. downregulation refer to
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receptor numbers
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What are two parts of the hypothalamic pituitary axis
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1. neurohormones
2. pituitary portal system |
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What makes up the pituitary portal system
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capillaries
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What is both endocrine and exocrine function
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blood glucose regulation
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What are two types of cells involved in the pancrease
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1. beta cells
2. alpha cells |
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What type of cells is insulin
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beta cells
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What type of cells is glucagon
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alpha cells
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How many types of diabetes mellitus are there
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2
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What type of diabetes is insulin dependent? insulin independent?
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dependent: Type 1
independent: type 2 |
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What type of diabetes is adult onset? juvenile onset
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adult: type 2
juvenile: type 1 |
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What type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease? What happens?
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type one; beta cells are destroyed
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What is the treatment for type one diabetes
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insulin injections
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What happens during type 2 diabetes to insulin
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plasma membrane receptors cannot bind to insulin as well
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What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes
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diet and exercise
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What does exercise cause an upregulation of
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insulin receptors on skeletal muscle
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What are two cronic effects of diabetes mellitus
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1. autoamputation of digits
2. blindness |
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How does diabetes mellitus cause blindness
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glucose increases osmotic pressure
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What are 3 target tissues in blood glucose signals
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1. liver
2. kidney 3. skeletal muscle |
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What is the blood glucose setpoint
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100 mL of blood
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What is hyperglycemia
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high blood glucose
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What is hypoglycemia
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low blood glucose
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What is released if you have low blood sugar
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glucagon
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What happens when glucagon is released to the liver
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increased glycogen breakdown
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What happens when glucagon is released to skeletal muscle
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increases blood glucose to the setpoint the glucagon will be turned off
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glycogenalysis is
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increased glycogen breakdown
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What is released if you have high blood sugar
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insulin
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What happens when insulin is sent to the liver
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increased glycogen synthesis
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What happens when insulin is sent to the kidney
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increase in gluscose reabsorption
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What happens when insulin is sent to skeletal muscle
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increase glycogen synthesis
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What is glycogenesis
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increase in glycogen synthesis
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What organ releases insulin or glucagon when blood glucose is not at the setpoint
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pancreas
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What is hypercalcemia
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high blood calcium
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What is hypocalcemia
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low blood calcium
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What are three target tissues for plasma Ca++
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1. bone
2. kidney 3. gut |
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What organ releases Calcitonin or PTH when plasma Ca++ is not close to the setpoint
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thyroid
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When is Calcitonin released
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hypercalcemia
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When is PTH released
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hypocalcemia
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What are nodules on the thyroid
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perathyroid
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What happens when PTH is released to the bone
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increase calcium breakdown
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What happens when PTH is released to the kidney
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increase calcium reabsorption
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What happens when PTH is released to the gut
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increase calcium absorption
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What disease is caused by chronic hypocalcemia
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osteoporosis
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What happens when calcitonin is released to bone
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deposit calcium in the bone increasing calcium deposition
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What happens when calcitonin is released to kidney
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it decreases reabsorption lowering ca++
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What are kidney stones
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calcium that precipitates
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What causes kidney stones
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high cholesterol
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What is the setpoint for plasma Ca++
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3mM
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What is the setpoint for body temperature
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37 degrees C
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do hormones affect hypothermia or hyperthermia
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hypothermia
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What are 4 target tissues for body temperature
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1. liver
2. skeletal muscle 3. cardiac muscle 4. kidney |
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What releases TRH
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hypothalamus
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What is TSH
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thyroid stimulating hormone
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What is TRH
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neurohormone
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What on the hypothalamus is triggered by hypothermia
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thyroid gland
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What hormone is released by the thyroid gland during hypothermia
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Thyroid H (T3/T4)
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What process is increased to help increase body temperature
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Ox-Phos
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When is there an increase in T3/T4
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winter
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What is needed to produce T3/T4
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iodine
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What are symptoms of hypothyroidism (5)
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1. gain weight
2. low body temp 3. tired 4. decrease in Ox-Phos 5. cool and clammy skin |
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What causes a goiter
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lack of iodine
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What kind of disease is Grave's disease
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autoimmune
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What does grave's disease cause
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additional growth of tissue behind the eye, causing them to bulge
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What does grave's disease produce
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thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins
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What are 3 symptoms of increased T3/T4 levels
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1. increased body temp
2. dry skin 3. increased metabolism |
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What is stress
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any stimulus capable of causing a series of stereotypical physiological responses
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What can stress upset
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homeostasis
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What are two responses to stress
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1. sympathetic nervous system response
2. endocrine response |
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What hormone does the pineal gland release
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melatonin
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When is melatonin released
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in dark, during sleep
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What are circadian rhythms
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24 hour rhythm
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What are 3 target tissues of stress
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1. liver
2. skeletal muscle 3. adipose tissue |
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What organ is triggered by stress
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brain
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What is released by the brain during stress? to where?
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ACTH is released to the adrenal cortex
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What hormone does the adrenal cortex release in response to stress
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cortisol
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What happens when cortisol is released to adipose tissue
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causes fatty acids to travel to the liver
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What does adipose tissue do
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breaksdown fats into fatty acids
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What happens when cortisol is released to skeletal muscle
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sends amino acids to the liver
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What happens when cortisol is released to the liver
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amino acids and fatty acids are converted to glucose causing an increase in glyconeogenesis
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What are short term advantages of stress
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increase blood glucose and Ox-Phos
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What is a long term disadvantage of stress involving adipose tissue
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becomes an energy source
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What is a long term disadvantage of stress involving skeletal muscle
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atophy (muscles shrink)
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What is a long term disadvantage of stress involving liver
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too much glycogen depletion (decrease energy )
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What is a long term disadvantage of stress involving cortisol
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immune system suppression leading to ulcers
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What do too many cortisol injections cause
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tissue break down
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