Physiology Test 3

Front 1

hormone

Back 1

a chemical synthesized by cells in one part of the body and carried out to other parts

Front 2

protein

Back 2

made up of lots of amino acids, synthesized and stored in vesicles, water soluble, when active = subject to elimination

Front 3

peptide

Back 3

similar to a protein, less amino acids

Front 4

amine

Back 4

a modified single AA, e.g. epinephrine, similar to a protein hormone

Front 5

steroids

Back 5

derived from cholesterol, lipid soluble, not very water soluble, cannot be stored in vesicles, synthesized and secreted immediately on demand. Not a high concentration in blood.

Front 6

HPr

Back 6

reservoir for hormone, holds hormone in reserve, can release it when necessary, occurs in the blood

Front 7

receptor

Back 7

located in a cell, necessary for a response to be triggered by the hormone

Front 8

G Protein

Back 8

different ones often serve as receptors

Front 9

half life (T1/2)

Back 9

time to eliminate the hormone by 1/2 (if no new is added)

Front 10

zero order elimination

Back 10

constant amount eliminated

Front 11

first order elimination

Back 11

eliminate constant % or fraction

Front 12

glucocorticoid hormones

Back 12

provide a break for the sympathetic N.S., without them = die quickly

Front 13

1. stress
2. circadian = peak before waking up
3. seasonal, breeding season, concentration is higher
secreted by adrenal cortex

Back 13

glucocorticoid hormone secretion stimuli

Front 14

Beta cells

Back 14

secrete insulin

Front 15

Islets of Langerhans

Back 15

pockets that contain beta cells, in pancreas

Front 16

1. [Gluc] increase
2. [A.A.] in blood

Back 16

stimuli for insulin secretion

Front 17

glucagon

Back 17

secreted by alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans

Front 18

1. low [gluc]
2. inc [A.A.]

Back 18

stimuli for secretion of glucagon

Front 19

gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis in liver

Back 19

effects of glucagon

Front 20

low [gluc]

Back 20

stimulus for glucocorticoid secretion

Front 21

1. gluconeogenesis
2. glycogenolysis - raise blood concentration of glucose
3. increased fat catabolism

Back 21

effects of glucocorticoids

Front 22

hypothalamus

Back 22

secretes GHRH

Front 23

anterior pituitary

Back 23

secretes GH

Front 24

liver

Back 24

secretes somatomedins

Front 25

1. promotes fat catabolism
2. stimulates protein synthesis

Back 25

effects of Growth Hormone

Front 26

1. age (goes down w/ increasing age)
2. exercise, GH is stimulated to repair damage done to muscles during exercise

Back 26

stimulus for growth hormone secretion

Front 27

100 mg/100 mL of blood
<40 = lose consciousness
<20 = death

Back 27

normal [gluc]

Front 28

kidneys lose H2O, too much glucose and kidneys can't keep up, glucose gets excreted in urine, takes water with it, dehydration

Back 28

acute problem of high [gluc]

Front 29

polyuria

Back 29

increased urine flow

Front 30

polydipsia

Back 30

increased drinking

Front 31

Diabetes Mellitus

Back 31

glucose appears in the urine, sweet tasting urine

Front 32

Type 1 (Juvenile Onset) Diabetes

Back 32

Beta cells that produce insulin are destroyed, autoimmune disease, complete loss of insulin

Front 33

Large [gluc] (800-900), lethargy, loss of energy

Back 33

symptoms of Type 1 diabetes

Front 34

Type 2 (Adult Onset) Diabetes

Back 34

Beta cells are intact and produce little --> normal amounts of insulin, occurs often because of obesity

Front 35

non-enzymatic glycosylation

Back 35

glucose sticking on proteins w/out enzymatic activity, too much glucose can cause many problems

Front 36

ADH

Back 36

opens aquaporins, reduces urine volume by letting H2O go back into the blood

Front 37

diabetes insipidus

Back 37

lack of ADH, lose a lot of water through urine, urine is very dilute

Front 38

renin

Back 38

enzyme secreted by the kidney, turns angiotensinogen into angiotensin

Front 39

decreased arterial pressure (measured in kidney)
decreased concentration of Na+ ions in blood (measured in distal tubule of kidney)
SNS stimulation

Back 39

stimuli for secretion of renin

Front 40

1. stimulates outer layer of adrenal cortex
2. vasoconstriction

Back 40

effects of angiotensin 2

Front 41

1. stimulates Na+/K+ ATPase in distal tubule and collecting duct
2. reabsorbs more Na+, secretes more K+
3. reduces loss of Na+
4. Gets rid of K+
Regulates extracellular fluid volume

Back 41

effects of aldosterone

Front 42

aldosterone level drops, get rid of Na+ through urine

Back 42

increased Na+ intake (results)

Front 43

renin stimulated, stimulates angiotensin I and II, stimulates aldosterone, reduced loss of Na+

Back 43

decreased Na+ intake (results)

Front 44

Thyroid Hormone

Back 44

needed for protein synthesis

Front 45

Hypothalamus

Back 45

releases TRH

Front 46

Anterior Pituitary

Back 46

secretes TSH

Front 47

Thyroid gland

Back 47

stimulated by TSH

Front 48

1. hypothalamus releases TRH
2. TRH stimulates ant. pit. to secrete TSH
3. TSH stimulates thyroid gland

Back 48

Metabolic Rate Control

Front 49

generalized increase in metabolism

Back 49

effects of thyroid hormone

Front 50

T3

Back 50

Active thyroid hormone

Front 51

T4

Back 51

Inactive thyroid hormone, has a longer half life, can store for longer, converts to active hormone when needed

Front 52

stress, esp. cold (hours --> days)

Back 52

stimuli for secretion of TH

Front 53

Wolffian System

Back 53

leads to male sex characteristics

Front 54

Mullarian system

Back 54

leads to female sex characteristics

Front 55

Androgen (Testosterone)

Back 55

present in mid-fetal life, stimulates Wolffian system

Front 56

Mullarian regression factor

Back 56

stimulates regression of mull. system

Front 57

Lack of Androgen

Back 57

mullerian system develops, wolffian regresses

Front 58

Spermatogenesis

Back 58

development of reproductive gamete in male

Front 59

seminiferous tubules

Back 59

contain leydig cells

Front 60

hypothalamus

Back 60

releases GnRH

Front 61

ant. pituitary

Back 61

secretes FSH and LH in response to presence of GnRH

Front 62

Leydig cells

Back 62

secrete testosterone, stimulates spermatogenesis

Front 63

FSH

Back 63

stimulates the maturation of spermatozoa

Front 64

Epididymis

Back 64

What spermatozoa must pass through to attain motility

Front 65

60% from seminal vesicles
40% from prostate glands

Back 65

fluid added to spermatoza

Front 66

sertoli cells

Back 66

cells that spermatids attach to

Front 67

development of secondary sex characteristics: hair growth, testicles

Back 67

other effects of testosterone

Front 68

drop out of abdominal cavity during development, 5º cooler 37ºC - 32ºC, if testes don't drop = sterile

Back 68

effect of temp on spermatogenesis

Front 69

PNS activated, arterioles in penis, endothelium, AcH --> N.O. --> increases [cGMP] --> vasodilation --> erection (corpora cavernosa)

Back 69

Beginning sexual stimulation in males

Front 70

SNS activated, norepinephrine --> contraction of vas deferens --> spermatozoa into urethra, sk. muscle, rhythmic contraction --> ejaculation!

Back 70

Continued sexual stimulation in males

Front 71

volume = 3 mL
spermatozoa = 100,000,000/mL, 300,000,000 / ejaculate

Back 71

composition of ejaculate

Front 72

in fetus = oogonia - mitosis --> oocyte (2n), early fetal life = 7,000,000 primary oocytes, birth = 2,000,000, puberty = 500,000

Back 72

development of ova

Front 73

atresia

Back 73

degeneration of oocytes

Front 74

hypothalamus secretes GnRH, stimulates Ant. Pit secrete LH and FSH

Back 74

female puberty

Front 75

FSH

Back 75

stimulates follicle development

Front 76

inhibits GnRH --> stops FSH production, stops development of other follicles

Back 76

Estrogen at low-mid concentrations

Front 77

stimulates GnRH, Burst of LH and FSH, LH stim fluid secreted in follicle, oocyte is released

Back 77

Increased Estrogen

Front 78

Corpus Luteum

Back 78

formed by remaining follicles, secrete estrogen and progesterone, estrogen falls --> inhibit GnRH

Front 79

Estrogen

Back 79

stimulates development of endometrial lining of uterus

Front 80

Progesterone

Back 80

maintains the endometrial lining of uterus

Front 81

corpus luteum degenerates --> stops secreting estrogen and progesterone, estrogen and progesterone fall, secondary oocyte passes through flillopian tube, regenerates

Back 81

If no fertilization after 12 days

Front 82

GnRH sec inc --> stimulates new batch of follicles, vasoconstriction in endometrium --> sloughedoff, blood of endometrium lining

Back 82

Menstrual period

Front 83

secondary oocyte is released, swept into fallopian tube

Back 83

Ovulation

Front 84

Remains viable for 24-48 hrs.
-flagellar
-uterine contractions
-prostaglandins

Back 84

Aide in Movement of Spermatozoa

Front 85

prostaglandins

Back 85

produced by prostate, stimulates contractions of uterus when spermatozoa are released to uterus

Front 86

egg binding proteins

Back 86

specific to species of animal, release enzymes that digest through zona pellucida

Front 87

polyspermy

Back 87

multiple sperm reach the egg

Front 88

voltage change, release enzymes, no further digestion, spermatozoa injects DNA, second meiosis in oocyte

Back 88

when first spermatozoa reaches egg

Front 89

zygote

Back 89

forms through process of conception

Front 90

1. mitotic replication --> 100 cells, enters uterus, digests into endometrium, 2. embryonic membrane forms

Back 90

process of implantation

Front 91

1. inner (amnion) - secretes fluid that surrounds developing embryo
2. chorion - secretes hCG, develops into placenta
3. Allantois - becomes umbilical cord

Back 91

process of forming embryonic membrane

Front 92

amnion

Back 92

secretes fluid that surrounds developing embryo

Front 93

chorion

Back 93

secretes HcG (human chorionic gonadotropin), develops into placenta, can be detected in the urine after 2 weeks.

Front 94

allantois

Back 94

becomes umbilical cord (connects fetus to placenta)

Front 95

-corpus luteum secretes Estrogen and Progesterone
-chorion secretes HcG, has CH like activity (maintains corpus luteum)
-after 4 months chorion develops into a placenta --> secrete estrogen and progesterone, corpus luteum regresses

Back 95

maintenance of pregnancy

Front 96

estrogen

Back 96

stimulates development of ducts of mammary glands at puberty

Front 97

progesterone

Back 97

stimulates development of secretory lobules of mammary glands during puberty

Front 98

estrogen and progesterone

Back 98

enhanced development of mammary glands with pregnancy

Front 99

est. and pro. --> enhanced development
PRL sec inc. --> stimulates development, estrogen inhibits PRL effect on milk sec.

Back 99

With pregnancy

Front 100

-loss of placenta
-est. and prog. fall
-PRL = stim. milk secretion

Back 100

After birth

Front 101

Colostrum

Back 101

comes before milk, more protein, less lipid

Front 102

oxytocin

Back 102

enzyme that stimulates milk letdown, release stimulated by suckling

Front 103

contraception

Back 103

regulation of pregnancy

Front 104

IUD

Back 104

prevents implantation, therefore prevents pregnancy, not a contraceptive

Front 105

Estrogen

Back 105

can stimulate certain types of breast and cervical cancers

Front 106

large # eggs and spermatozoa get released to environment, lower probability of fertilization, requires water environment

Back 106

external fertilization in fish and most amphibians

Front 107

direct development

Back 107

no tadpole stage

Front 108

fertilized eggs adhere to mother's back, skin grows over, frog comes out once developed

Back 108

non-water frogs

Front 109

mother stops eating, swallows eggs in capsule, tadpoles sec P.G. --> stops HCl secretion, vomit out

Back 109

gastric breeding frogs

Front 110

1. ova, egg & yolk sac develop in ovary
2. fert occurs in oviduct
3. Albumen added in mid oviduct
4. in longer oviduct, 2 shell membranes form
5. color added

Back 110

fert. in Birds

Front 111

159.6 mmHg

Back 111

Partial Pressure of O2 at sea level

Front 112

105 mmHg

Back 112

Partial pressure of O2, 10,000 ft above sea level

Front 113

760 mmHg

Back 113

total pressure of Air at sea level

Front 114

J=k[(P1-P2)/X]

Back 114

equation for diffusion

Front 115

concentration = A * P
A= absorption coefficient
P= partial pressure

Back 115

gas in a Solution, equation

Front 116

N2

Back 116

78% of air, cannot use it in its normal form

Front 117

BENDS

Back 117

N2 doesn't get released properly, triggers lactic acid buildup

Front 118

Nitrogen Narcosis

Back 118

too much nitrogen, causes anesthetic like feelings

Front 119

As temperature increases, amount of O2 in air goes down

Back 119

effect of temp on gas solubility

Front 120

1. gas diffusion across the alveolar and capillary membranes
2. blood moves the O2 by convection
3. O2 diffuses from the blood to the tissues

Back 120

Movement of O2 in organism w/ lung based system

Front 121

gills

Back 121

bring O2 from water into blood, most via counter-current exchange system

Front 122

counter-current exchange

Back 122

less oxygenated blood always interacts w/ more oxygenated water

Front 123

Opercular pump

Back 123

moves operculum, causes constant flushing of water past its gills.

Front 124

buccal pump
opercular pump
organism movement - have to keep moving constantly, get water past gills by swimming and having mouths open

Back 124

H2O movement for breathing

Front 125

buccal pump

Back 125

moves air into and out of lungs, not water, done in repetitions

Front 126

skin of frog

Back 126

respiratory area, brings in about 20% of O2 of frog

Front 127

airways of lungs

Back 127

high surface area, branches (pockets w/ interior walls) go in, about twice the surface area of skin

Front 128

500 mL, inhale and exhale about the same

Back 128

tidal volume for breathing in mammal

Front 129

1200mL, amount you can move if you try to

Back 129

Expiratory reserve volume

Front 130

3100mL, amount you can inhale if you wish

Back 130

Inspiratory reserve volume

Front 131

about 1200 mL, never exhale all volume

Back 131

residual volume

Front 132

parietal pleura

Back 132

lining on chest wall, about a single cell layer thick

Front 133

visceral pleura

Back 133

lining on lung surface, about a single cell layer thick

Front 134

pressure goes down, inhale

Back 134

increase volume in lungs

Front 135

compress air, pressure goes up, exhale

Back 135

decrease volume in lungs

Front 136

pressure is equal inside and outside of lungs, diaphragm is a normal shape (dome)

Back 136

lungs at rest, after exhaling

Front 137

external intercostal muscle elevate rib cage, contract diaphragm, air goes into lungs

Back 137

inspiration

Front 138

relax intercostal muscles, relax diaphragm, air moves out of lungs passively

Back 138

passive expiration

Front 139

contract internal intercostal muscles, contract abdominal muscles, pull ribcage down, push diaphragm up, moves interal organs up against diaphragm

Back 139

active expiration

Front 140

atelectasis

Back 140

collapsed lung

Front 141

pneumothorax

Back 141

punctured chest wall, breaks seal, air goes in --> collapse lung

Front 142

mediastinum

Back 142

separates lungs

Front 143

PNS stimulation

Back 143

close off bronchioles, pressure becomes so great pulls lung off chest wall, lung collapses

Front 144

pulmonary surfactant

Back 144

reduces attraction of water molecules to each other, allows mammals to inhale w/ less effort

Front 145

PO2 = 160 mmHg
PCO2 = 0.03 mmHg

Back 145

air composition of room air

Front 146

PO2 = 100 mmHg
PCO2 = 40 mmHg

Back 146

air composition of alveoli

Front 147

medulla and pons

Back 147

regulate basic rate and rhythm of breathing in birds

Front 148

carotid and aortic bodies

Back 148

sense PCO2, less sensitive to PO2

Front 149

By CO2 NOT O2

Back 149

Regulation of respiration

Front 150

reduce PCO2, [HCO3-] goes up, Ph goes up, blood vessels dilate, pressure in alveoli goes down, oxygen delivery goes down

Back 150

Hyperventilating

Front 151

cerebral cortex

Back 151

Has capability to override breathing system in birds

Front 152

mechanoreceptors in joints

Back 152

alert respiratory system that increase in O2 demand is coming

Front 153

dissolved

Back 153

How O2 is carried in blood

Front 154

2.4 mL O2/100 mL of blood @ 100% O2

Back 154

amount of O2 dissolved in blood

Front 155

PO2 = 100 mmHg, 0.3 mL/100 mL of blood

Back 155

amount of O2 dissolved in blood of capillaries

Front 156

hemocyanin

Back 156

respiratory pigment in invertebrates

Front 157

hemoglobin

Back 157

respiratory pigment found in vertebrates and some invertebrates

Front 158

heme (4)

Back 158

subunits of hemoglobin (4l)

Front 159

heme

Back 159

binds O2, subunit of Hemoglobin (Hb)

Front 160

more O2 = more rapidly binding to heme

Back 160

Hb subunit interaction

Front 161

oxygen bound to hemoglobin does not contribute to , most oxygen in blood is bound to hemoglobin, not dissolved in solution

Back 161

oxygen dissociation curve

Front 162

if you change Ph, change how hemoglobin binds O2, dropping pH enhances delivery of O2

Back 162

Bohr shift

Front 163

@ 100% saturation, 20 mL of O2/100 mL of blood, 0.3 mL in solution, 19.7 mL - HbO2

Back 163

re-do dissociation curve

Front 164

at rest, arterial O2 content = 20 mL O2/100mL, venous O2 content = 15 mL O2/100mL = 5 mL O2/100 mL delivered to tissues

Back 164

O2 delivery at rest

Front 165

arterial = 20 mL / 100 mL blood
venous = 4 mL / 100 mL blood
= 16 mL /100 mL delivered to tissues

Back 165

O2 delivery at max exercise

Front 166

1. in plasma water = 7%
2. Hb + Co2 --> HbCO2 = 23 %
3. CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3 - = 70%

Back 166

storage of CO2

Front 167

requires change to HCO3-, move that ion

Back 167

Movement of CO2

Front 168

PO2 = 40 mmHg
PCO2 = 45 mmHg

Back 168

Partial pressures when air enters lungs

Front 169

PO2 = 100 mmHg
PCO2 = 40 mmHg

Back 169

Partial pressures of air in alveoli

Front 170

PO2 = 100 mmHg
PCO2 = 40 mmHg

Back 170

Partial pressures of air leaving alveoli

Front 171

(red blood cell length/ total length) X 100

Back 171

Hematocrit

Front 172

Men = 40 - 54%
Women = 37 - 57%

Back 172

Normal hematocrit values

Front 173

120 Days

Back 173

Lifespan of RBC

Front 174

Liver and Spleen

Back 174

Remove old RBC

Front 175

Hypoxia

Back 175

Protein in kidney that secretes hormone called erythropoietum

Front 176

Erythropoietum (EPO)

Back 176

stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

Front 177

Ileum

Back 177

location of majority of red bone marrow