Physiology - Ganong - 34

Front 1

How much O2 enters, and how much CO2 is excreted by the body per minute?

Back 1

1) 250 mL
2) 200 mL

Front 2

What is the composition of dry air?

Back 2

1) 20.98% O2
2) 0.04% CO2
3) 78.06% N2
4) 0.92% other gases

Front 3

Abbreviations STPD, BTPS, ATPD, and ATPS are short for

Back 3

1) Standard Temperature and Pressure, Dry air
2) Body T &P, Saturated with water vapor
3) Ambient T & P, D
4) Ambient T & P, S

Front 4

Innervation of the bronchi and bronchioles (5)

Back 4

1) Innervated by the ANS
2) Muscarinic receptors are abundant
3) Cholinergic discharge leads to bronchoconstriction
4) Beta2-adrenergic receptors (mediate bronchodilation) in bronchial epithelium and smooth muscle
5) NANC innervation of bronchioles (bronchodilation [through VIP]).

Front 5

Normal value of Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV)

Back 5

125-170 L/min

Front 6

Parts of the diaphragm

Back 6

1) Costal: muscle fibers, attached to the ribs
2) Crural: fibers attached to ligaments around the vertebrae
3) Central tendon: costal and crural fibers insert here (it is also the inferior part of the pericardium).

Front 7

Define: eructation

Back 7

Belching, expelling gas noisily from the stomach through the mouth, aka. burping

Front 8

What is aspiration pneumonia?

Back 8

Bronchopneumonia due to entrance of foreign materials that enter the bronchial tree, e.g., glottic closure may be incomplete and vomitus may enter the trachea.

Front 9

In respiratory physiology, the law of laplace states that

Back 9

there is an inverse relationship between surface tension and alveolar radius. It follows from this that a smaller alveolus will have a greater inward force. P=(2*Tension)/r; if the tension is not reduced as the radius is, the tension will overcome the distending pressure.

Front 10

Useful substance in pump failure (respiration)

Back 10

Aminophylline, which, for unknown reaons, increase the force of contraction of the human diaphragm.

Front 11

Why is the ventilation per unit lung volume greater at the base than at the apex?

Back 11

At the start of inspiration, intrapleural pressure is less negative at the base than at the apex; and since the intrapulmonaryintrapleural pressure difference is less than at the apex, the lung is less expanded. The opposite is true for the apex. Due to stiffness, the increase in lung volume per unit increase in pressure, is smaller when the lung is initially more expanded, and the ventilation is consequently greater at the base.

Front 12

Formula of the Bohr equation is

Back 12

Vd/Vt=(PaCO2-PeCO2/PaCO2, from which we can easily calculate the dead space volume.

Front 13

Pulmonary capillary pressure and oncotic pressure

Back 13

1) Capillary pressure is about 19 mmHg
2) Oncotic pressure is 25 mmHg.

Front 14

Pulmonary bloodflow is affected by both active and passive factors. What are they?

Back 14

Active:
1) ANS (reduce bloodflow as much as 30% [sympathetic])
2) Hormonal agents
Passive
1) Cardiac output
2) Gravitational forces

Front 15

Autonomic receptors that will lead to contraction of pulmonary artery and vein smooth muscle (3)

Back 15

1) Alpha1
2) Purinergic (P2X)
3) Tachykinin (NK2)

Front 16

Humoral receptors that will lead to contraction of pulmonary artery and vein smooth muscle (5)

Back 16

1) Adeonisine (A1)
2) Angiotensin II (AT1)
3) Endothelin (ETa)
4) 5-HT2
5) Thromboxane (TP)

Front 17

Additional functions of the lungs include (but not limited to) (4)

Back 17

1) Manufacture surfactant
2) Fibrinolytic system
3) Remove and release substances
4) Activate Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

Front 18

Substances that are synthesized and released into blood, by the lungs (3)

Back 18

1) Prostaglandins
2) Histamine
3) Kallikrein

Front 19

Substances partially removed from the blood by the lungs (6)

Back 19

1) Prostaglandins
2) Bradykinin
3) Adenine nucleotides
4) Serotonin
5) Norepinephrine
6) Acetylcholine