Nycc Systems Physiology Respiration

Front 1

The goal of _____ is to provide oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide.

Back 1

Respiration

Front 2

In the _____ the air is warmed, humidified, and filtered.

Back 2

Nose

Front 3

In the nose, air is warmed by extensive surfaces of the _____ and _____ to within ___° of body temperature.

Back 3

Conchae; Septum; 1

Front 4

In the nose, air is humidified to within ___-___% full saturation of water vapor.

Back 4

2-3

Front 5

Air filtration in the nose:
1. Large _____ at the entrance to nose remove particles
2. _____ precipitation at conchae (_____)
3. Smallest particles are entrapped by alveolar _____

Back 5

Hairs; Turbulent; Turbinates; Macrophages

Front 6

List the structures of the pulmonary anatomy from large to small diameter.

Back 6

Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal bronchioles, Respiratory
bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs

Front 7

What is the type of these respiratory cells?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar (in bronchi)
Simple ciliated columnar becoming cuboidal (in bronchiole)

Back 7

Epithelial

Front 8

Respiratory epithelium:
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar (in _____)
Simple ciliated columnar becoming cuboidal (in _____)

Back 8

Bronchi; Bronchiole

Front 9

Which respiratory cells beat toward the pharynx to remove particles?

Back 9

Epithelial

Front 10

The _____ _____ cells are respiratory epithelial cells that trap particles.

Back 10

Mucus goblet

Front 11

Which respiratory cells are curved and make up 5/6 of the anterior portion?

(fraction decreases at lower sections of the airway)

Back 11

Cartilage

Front 12

_____ respiratory cells prevent collapse and keep the airway open.

Back 12

Cartilage

Front 13

_____ ____ respiratory cells make up the wall in all areas not occupied by cartilage.

Back 13

Smooth muscle

Front 14

_____ _____ respiratory cells control the size of the opening of the airway.

Back 14

Smooth muscle

Front 15

_____ _____ alveolar cells are simple squamous and allow gas exchange with the blood.

Back 15

Capillary endothelial

Front 16

_____ _____ cells are simple squamous; Type I (90% surface area) that allow gas exchange, and Type II (10% surface area) that produce surfactant.

Back 16

Alveolar epithelial

Front 17

Alveolar epithelial cells are _____ _____; Type ___ (90% surface area) that allow gas exchange, and Type ___ (10% surface area) that produce surfactant.

Back 17

Simple squamous;I ; II

Front 18

_____ are alveolar connective tissue cells that support.

Back 18

Fibroblasts

Front 19

Alveolar _____ ingest small particles.

Back 19

Macrophages

Front 20

Alveolar _____ cells secrete histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (leukotrienes) and cause bronchial constriction (and congestion).

Back 20

MAST

Front 21

What respiratory nerve supply has these characteristics?
NT: Epinephrine & norepinephrine
Receptor: Beta adrenergic
Function: Dilates bronchial tree

Back 21

Sympathetic

Front 22

What respiratory nerve supply has these characteristics?
NT: Acetylcholine
Receptor: Lung parenchyma
Function: Constricts bronchioles

Back 22

Parasympathetic

Front 23

Pulmonary ventilation components:
1. _____ that cause lung expansion and contraction
2. Movement of air in and out of the _____
3. Effect of the thoracic cage on lung _____.

Back 23

Muscles; Lungs; Expansibility

Front 24

_____ Law: P1V1=P2V2
If pressure increases, the volume decreases
If pressure decreases, the volume increases

Back 24

Boyle's

Front 25

Inspiration:
_____ of diaphragm
Action: _____ movement (energy dependent)
Effect: _____ chest cavity

Back 25

Contraction; Downward; Lengthens

Front 26

Expiration:
_____ of diaphragm
Effect: _____ chest cavity

Back 26

Relaxation; Shortens

Front 27

What are these?
1. External intercostals
2. SCM
3. Scalenes
4. Anterior serratus

Back 27

Accessory muscles of inspiration

Front 28

Accessory muscles of inspiration:
Action: _____ of the ribs
Effect: _____ the A-P diameter of chest cavity

Back 28

Elevation; Increases

Front 29

What are these?
1. Abdominals
2. Internal intercostals

Back 29

Accessory muscles of expiration

Front 30

Accessory muscles of expiration:
Action: _____ rib cage (Abs also compress the abdominal contents _____ against diaphragm)
Effect: _____ chest cavity and _____ A-P diameter

Back 30

Depress; Upward; Shortens; Decreases

Front 31

Lung characteristics:
1. _____ structure (like balloon)
2. _____ at the hilum to the mediastinum
3. _____ by a thin layer of pleural fluid

Back 31

Elastic; Attached; Surrounded

Front 32

Continual suction of excess fluid by _____ maintains “suction” between lung pleura and parietal pleura

Back 32

Lymphatics

Front 33

What is the pressure of the fluid in the thin space between the lung pleura and the chest wall termed?

Back 33

Pleural pressure

Front 34

What is the pressure of the air inside the lung alveoli termed?

Back 34

Alveolar pressure

Front 35

Which pressure has these characteristics?
Resting:
-5 cm H20
Normal Inspiration:
-7.5 cm H20

Back 35

Pleural pressure

Front 36

Which pressure increases lung volume by 500 ml?

Back 36

Pleural pressure

Front 37

Which pressure has these characteristics?
Resting:
0 cm H20
Normal Inspiration:
-1 cm H20
Expiration:
+1 cm H20

Back 37

Alveolar pressure

Front 38

Which pressure allows 500 ml of air in and out of the lung?

Back 38

Alveolar pressure

Front 39

Which pressure is the difference between the alveolar and pleural pressures?

Back 39

Transpulmonary pressure

Front 40

Which pressure measures the elastic force of lung called recoil pressure?

Back 40

Transpulmonary pressure

Front 41

What is the extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure?

Back 41

Compliance of the lungs

Front 42

The compliance of the lungs is the extent to which the lungs will _____ for each unit increase in _____ pressure.

Back 42

Expand; Transpulmonary

Front 43

What does this formula describe?
ΔV/ΔP 200 ml/cm H20
(1 cm H20 ~ 0.7 mmHg)

Back 43

The compliance of the lungs

Front 44

___ of the compliance of the lungs is from the elastic forces of the lung _____.

Back 44

1/3; Tissue

Front 45

___ of the compliance of the lungs is from the elastic forces caused by _____ _____ of the fluid that lines the inside of walls of _____.

Back 45

2/3; Surface tension; Alveoli

[P = (2 x surface tension)/radius of alveolus]

Front 46

Surface tension of the fluid that lines the inside of walls of alveoli is _____ by _____.

Back 46

Reduced; Surfactant

Front 47

_____ _____ is the attraction of water molecules by each other at the air-water interface and can cause the _____ to collapse.

Back 47

Surface tension; Alveoli

Front 48

Surfactant is secreted by Type ___ alveolar cells and is composed of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine, surfactant _____ and _____ ions.

Back 48

II; Apoproteins; Calcium

Front 49

Which type of work is required to expand the lung against the lung and the chest elastic fibers during inspiration?

Back 49

Compliance or Elastic work

Front 50

Which type of work is required to overcome the viscosity of the lung and the chest wall structures during inspiration?

Back 50

Tissue resistance work

Front 51

Which type of work is required to overcome airway resistance and move air into the lung during inspiration?

Back 51

Airway resistance work

Front 52

_____ Law:
_____ = ΔP π r4 / (8 μ l)
_____ = 8 μ l / (π r4)

Back 52

Poiseuille's; Flow; Resistance

Front 53

Poiseuille's law describes:
1. Major _____ in upper airways
2. Decrease in lung _____ results in an increase in resistance

Back 53

Resistance; Volume

Front 54

In Poiseuille's law formula, what does μ represent?

Back 54

Gas viscosity

Front 55

Segmental bronchioles offer _____ resistance than terminal bronchioles do.

Back 55

More

Front 56

_____ _____ collapses
the airway and increases resistance.

Back 56

Forced expiration

Front 57

How are pulmonary volumes measured?

Back 57

Spirometry

Front 58

Pulmonary volume average:
Young adult males is 20-25% _____ than that of women
_____ in large and athletic people

Back 58

Less; Greater

Front 59

There are ___ pulmonary volumes and ___ capacities.

Back 59

4; 4

Front 60

A pulmonary capacity is _____ than one pulmonary volume.

Back 60

Greater

Front 61

What pulmonary volume exists during normal quiet breathing?

Back 61

Tidal Volume (TV)

~2000 to ~3000 ml

Front 62

What pulmonary volume exists when the maximum amount of air possible is in the lungs?

Back 62

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Average male = ~5000 ml

(3000 + 5000 = 8000 ml total)

Front 63

What pulmonary volume exists when the maximum amount of air possible has been expired from the lungs?

Back 63

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

~1000* ml

(2000 - 1000* = 1000 ml total)

Front 64

What pulmonary volume exists when the minimum amount of air possible is in the lungs?

Back 64

Residual Volume (RV)

~1000* ml

(2000 - 1000 = 1000* ml total)

Front 65

Which pulmonary capacity equals tidal volume combined with inspiratory reserve volume?

Back 65

Inspiratory capacity (TV+IRV)

3000 ml to 6000 ml

(~3000 ml)

Front 66

Which pulmonary capacity equals expiratory reserve volume combined with residual volume?

Back 66

Functional residual capacity (ERV+RV)

2000 ml to 0 ml

(~2000 ml)

Front 67

Which pulmonary capacity equals expiratory reserve volume combined with tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume?

Back 67

Vital Capacity (ERV+TV+IRV)

1000 ml to 6000 ml

(~5000ml)

Front 68

Which pulmonary capacity equals residual volume combined with vital capacity?

Back 68

Total lung capacity (RV+VC)

0 ml to 6000 ml

(~6000ml)

Front 69

What is the total amount of new air moved into respiratory passages each minute termed?

Back 69

Minute respiratory volume

(a timed volume)

Front 70

Tidal volume x Respiratory rate = _____ _____ _____

Back 70

Minute respiratory volume

(a timed volume)

Front 71

What is the rate at which new air reaches the alveoli, alveoli sacs, alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles termed?

Back 71

Alveolar ventilation

(a timed volume)

Front 72

(Tidal volume dead space) x respiratory rate = _____ _____

Back 72

Alveolar ventilation

(a timed volume)

Front 73

What is air that fills the respiratory passage but where gas exchange does not occur termed?

Back 73

Dead space

Front 74

What is the total amount of new air moved into respiratory passages each minute termed?

Back 74

Minute respiratory volume

(a timed volume)

Front 75

Tidal volume x Respiratory rate = _____ _____ _____

Back 75

Minute respiratory volume

(a timed volume)

Front 76

What is the rate at which new air reaches the alveoli, alveoli sacs, alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles termed?

Back 76

Alveolar ventilation

(a timed volume)

Front 77

(Tidal volume dead space) x respiratory rate = _____ _____

Back 77

Alveolar ventilation

(a timed volume)

Front 78

What is air that fills the respiratory passage but where gas exchange does not occur termed?

Back 78

Dead space

Front 79

The volume of _____ dead space is 150ml.

Back 79

Anatomical

Front 80

The volume of _____ dead space depends on the ventilation-perfusion ratio.

Back 80

Physiological

Front 81

Pulmonary _____:
From right ventricle
Thin walled
Distensible
Short vessels
Large compliance
Deoxygenated blood

Back 81

Artery

Front 82

Pulmonary _____:
Empties into left atria
Short
Oxygenated blood

Back 82

Vein

Front 83

Blood supply to the supporting lung tissue is from the _____ circulation (1-2%).

Back 83

Systemic

Front 84

Pulmonary _____:
1. Drain into the right thoracic duct
2. Prevent pulmonary edema

Back 84

Lymphatics

Front 85

_____ _____ pressures (mmHg):
Systolic: 25
Diastolic: 8
Mean: 15

Back 85

Pulmonary artery

Front 86

_____ _____ pressures (mmHg):
Systolic: 25
Diastolic: 0 to 1

Back 86

Right ventricle

Front 87

The _____ pressure mean is 7 mmHg.

Back 87

Capillary

Front 88

The _____ _____ pressure is 2 to 5 mmHg.

Back 88

Left atria or
Pulmonary vein

Front 89

The total blood volume of the _____ is 450 ml; 9% of total blood volume.

Back 89

Lungs

Front 90

Pulmonary _____ hold 70 ml of blood.

Back 90

Capillaries

Front 91

Pulmonary _____ can act as blood reservoirs. Their volume varies from ___ normal volume to ___x normal volume.

Back 91

Capillaries; ½; 2

Front 92

When O2 in alveoli decreases below normal (<73 mm Hg P02) the adjacent blood vessels _____.

Back 92

Constrict

(Opposite of systemic circulation)

Front 93

Low O2 concentration in alveoli triggers the release of an undiscovered _____ substance that shunts blood to where it will be _____.

Back 93

Vasoconstrictor; Aerated

Front 94

While standing, in the _____ _____ portion of lung, Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) - 15 mmHg.

(25-15 = 10)

Back 94

Upper most

Front 95

While standing, in the _____ _____ portion of lung, Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) is normal; 25 mmHg.

Back 95

Heart level

Front 96

While standing, in the _____ _____ portion of lung, Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) + 8 mmHg.

(25 + 8 = 33)

Back 96

Lower most

Front 97

Capillaries remain _____ when Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) > Alveolar pressure.

Back 97

Open

Front 98

Capillaries remain _____ when Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) < Alveolar pressure.

Back 98

Closed

Front 99

In zone 1 of the lung there is _____ blood flow during all portions of the cardiac cycle.

Back 99

No

Front 100

Characteristics of lung zone 2:
1. _____ blood flow
2. Blood flow only during _____
3. Normal in _____ of lung when standing
4. Occurs about 10 cm above _____ _____ heart to top of lung.

Back 100

Intermediate; Systole; Apices; Mid level

Front 101

If blood flow exists in zone 1 of the lung, it is usually a _____ condition.

Back 101

Pathological

Front 102

In zone 3 of the lung, there is _____ blood flow during all phases of the cardiac cycle.

Back 102

Continuous

Front 103

Zone 3 lung is normal in:
1. _____ lung when standing
2. _____ lung when lying down
3. _____

Back 103

Lower; Entire; Exercise

Front 104

What increases pulmonary blood flow by 4-7 times normal and increases pulmonary arterial pressure?

Back 104

Exercise

(Recruitment and Distension)

Front 105

Exercise increases pulmonary blood flow by:
1. _____: Increases number of open capillaries
2. _____: Distends all capillaries which increases the rate of flow

Back 105

Recruitment; Distension

Front 106

Pulmonary _____ pressure:
Hydrostatic
+7 mm Hg
Colloidal osmotic
-28 mm Hg

Back 106

Capillary

Front 107

Time blood stays in pulmonary _____:
Normal Cardiac output
0.8 sec
Increased Cardiac output
0.3 sec

Back 107

Capillaries

Front 108

Capillary net filtration pressure:
Outward forces (mmHg):
1. Pulmonary _____ pressure = 7
2. Interstitial _____ pressure = 14
3. _____ interstitial pressure = 8
(Total = 29)

Back 108

Capillary; Osmotic; Negative

Front 109

Capillary net filtration pressure:
Inward Force:
1. _____ _____ pressure = 28 mmHg

Back 109

Plasma osmotic

Front 110

Negative interstitial pressure keeps alveoli _____.

Back 110

Dry

Front 111

_____ _____ of gas is in one direction and moves from an area of high to low concentration.

Back 111

Net diffusion

Front 112

_____ gas characteristics:
Percentage: 21%
Diffusion coefficient: 1.0
Partial pressure: 160 mmHg

Back 112

Oxygen (O2)

Front 113

_____ gas characteristics:
Percentage: 79%
Diffusion coefficient: .53
Partial pressure: 600 mmHg

Back 113

Nitrogen (N2)

Front 114

_____ gas characteristics:
Percentage: 0.03%
Diffusion coefficient: 20.3
Partial pressure: 760 mmHg

Back 114

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Front 115

Gas contributes to total pressure in direct proportion to _____.

Back 115

Concentration

Front 116

Carbon dioxide is ___ times more soluble than oxygen.

Back 116

20

Front 117

What is the partial pressure that water molecules exert to escape through the membrane termed?

Back 117

Vapor pressure

Front 118

At 37° C, _____ _____ of water = 47 mmHg.

Back 118

Vapor pressure

Front 119

By the time that air reaches the lung it is fully _____.

Back 119

Humidified

Front 120

What does this formula describe?
Pn[sub2]=(760-47) * 0.79=713*0.79=563

Back 120

Composition of alveolar air

Front 121

Due to functional residual capacity only 350 ml of new air is brought into the _____ with each normal respiration.

Back 121

Alveoli

Front 122

In the process of alveolar ventilation, expired air has alveolar and _____ _____ air.

Back 122

Dead space

Front 123

Alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (mmHg) _____ as alveolar ventilation (L/min)increases.

Back 123

Increases

Front 124

Alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide (mmHg) _____ as alveolar ventilation (L/min)increases.

Back 124

Decreases

Front 125

Normal alveolar partial pressure of _____ is 104 mmHg.

Back 125

Oxygen (O2)

Front 126

Normal alveolar partial pressure of _____ is 40 mmHg.

Back 126

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Front 127

What is comprised by these structures?
1. Respiratory bronchiole
2. Alveolar duct
3. Atria
4. Alveolar sacs

Back 127

Respiratory unit

Front 128

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the respiratory _____.

Back 128

Membrane

Front 129

_____ _____ is affected by:
1. Thickness of membrane
2. Area of membrane
3. Diffusion coefficient
4. Partial Pressure of gas

Back 129

Diffusion capacity

Front 130

_____ diffusion capacity is:
21 ml/min/mmHg x gradient of 11 mmHg

Back 130

Oxygen

Front 131

_____ diffuses across the respiratory membrane at the rate of 230 ml/min.

Back 131

Oxygen

Front 132

Pulmonary capillary length % _____ with increased partial pressure of oxygen diffused in the blood.

Back 132

Increases

Front 133

_____ diffusion capacity:
400 ml/min/mm Hg * gradient < 1 mmHg

Back 133

Carbon Dioxide

Front 134

_____ diffuses across the respiratory membrane at the rate of 200 ml/min.

Back 134

Carbon dioxide

Front 135

Pulmonary capillary length % _____ with increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide diffused in the blood.

Back 135

Decreases

Front 136

Partial pressure of oxygen diffused in the blood (diffusing capacity) _____ with time spent in the capillary and _____.

Back 136

Increases; Exercise

Front 137

Partial pressure of oxygen diffused in the tissue _____ with blood flow.

Back 137

Increases

Front 138

_____ _____ has PO2 of 90-95 mmHg
_____ has a PO2 of 30-40 mmHg

Back 138

Arterial blood; Tissue

Front 139

_____ PO2 is determined by balance of delivery and usage.

Back 139

Tissue

Front 140

Pulmonary capillary length _____ with increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide diffused in the blood.

Back 140

Decreases

Front 141

Blood flow _____ with increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide diffused in the tissue.

Back 141

Decreases

Front 142

Dissolved _____ solubility is 0.003 ml _____/100 ml blood mmHg

Back 142

Oxygen; O2

Front 143

Dissolved _____ solubility in normal blood is 0.3 ml _____ / 100 ml blood

Back 143

Oxygen; O2

Front 144

_____ oxygen consumption is 250 ml O2/min and would require 83 L/min blood flow.

Back 144

Normal

Front 145

How is 97% of oxygen is transported?

Back 145

Hemoglobin

(O2 + HB <--> HBO2)

Front 146

Hemoglobin (Hb) saturation _____ with increased partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and _____ pH.

Back 146

Increases; Increased

Front 147

What do these conditions cause?
Decreased pH
­Increased PpCO2
­Increased Temp
­Increased 2-3 DPG

Back 147

Right shift of oxygen dissociation curve

Front 148

Right shift of oxygen dissociation curve reflects an _____ partial pressure of oxygen required to achieve the same percent saturation.

Back 148

Increased

Front 149

What do these conditions cause?
Increased pH
­Decreased PpCO2
­Decreased Temp
­Decreased 2-3 DPG

Back 149

Left shift of oxygen dissociation curve

Front 150

Left shift of oxygen dissociation curve reflects an _____ partial pressure of oxygen required to achieve the same percent saturation.

Back 150

Decreased

Front 151

Effects of _____ _____of the dissociation curve at tissue:
1. Increased carbon dioxide in blood
2. Decreased affinity for oxygen
3. Maintainance of partial pressure gradient

Back 151

Right shift

Front 152

Effects of _____ _____ of the dissociation curve at lungs:
1. Loss of carbon dioxide at lungs
2. Increased affinity of oxygen

Back 152

Left Shift

Front 153

Dissolved _____:
Solubility: 20X oxygen
Venous blood: 2.7 ml/100 ml blood
Arterial blood: 2.4 ml/100 ml blood
Transported: 0.3 ml/100 ml blood
7% total

Back 153

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Front 154

23% of total _____ is bound to hemoglobin.

Back 154

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Front 155

70% of total _____ is in the form of bicarbonate.

Back 155

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Front 156

Right and left shifts of the oxygen dissociation curve are also known as _____ effects.

Back 156

Bohr

Front 157

_____ _____ moves carbon dioxide from the cell into hemoglobin (Hb) and from the blood into bicarbonate.

Back 157

Carbonic anhydrase

Front 158

Carbonic anhydrase helps to buffer the _____ to 7.3.

Back 158

pH

Front 159

What is the effect where binding of oxygen with hemoglobin tends to displace carbon dioxide from the blood termed?

Back 159

Haldane effect

Front 160

_____ is a stronger acid, so binding of oxygen with it tends to displace carbon dioxide from the blood.

Back 160

Hemoglobin

(Haldane effect)

Front 161

What is the ratio of the rate of carbon dioxide output divided by the rate of oxygen uptake termed?

Back 161

Respiratory exchange ratio

Front 162

The _____ _____ ratio for:
Carbohydrates = 1.0
Fats = 0.7
Mixed diet = 0.825

Back 162

Respiratory exchange

Front 163

Respiration regulation:
1. _____ gather information
2. The _____ _____ integrates signals
3. _____ are muscles

Back 163

Sensors; Central controller; Effectors

Front 164

What is located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata and pons?

Back 164

Respiratory center

Front 165

Respiratory center organization:
1. _____ respiratory group
2. _____ respiratory group
3. _____ center

Back 165

Dorsal; Ventral; Pneumotaxic

Front 166

Dorsal respiratory group:
A. Location: dorsal part of _____
1. _____ _____ nucleus
2. Sensory from CN ___ & ___
B. Input from:
1. _____receptors
2. _____receptors
3. _____ receptors
C. Function: _____

Back 166

Medulla; Solitary tract; IX; X; Chemoreceptors; Baroreceptors; Lung; Inspiration (via inspiratory “ramp”)

Front 167

Ventral respiratory group.
A. Location: _____
1. Anterior and lateral to _____ respiratory group
2. Nucleus _____; retro_____
C. Function: extra respiratory _____
(_____ in normal quiet breathing)

Back 167

Medulla; Dorsal; Ambiguous; Retroambiguous; Drive; Inactive

Front 168

Pneumotaxic Center:
A. Location: _____ upper _____
1. Nucleus _____
B. Function: _____ inspiration
1. _____ rate
2. Controls _____ _____ point

Back 168

Dorsal; Pons; Parabrachialis; Limits; Increases; Switch off

Front 169

Which lung receptors?
1. Inhibit inhalation
2. Hering-Breuer reflex

Back 169

Stretch receptors

Front 170

Which lung receptors?
1. Bronchoconstriction
2. Increased ventilation

Back 170

Irritant receptors

Front 171

Which lung receptors?
1. Alveolar wall
2. Lung disease and edema

Back 171

J receptors

Front 172

What is this looping sequence?
Inspiratory center -> Phrenic nerve -> Diaphragm contracts -> Stretch receptor -> Vagus nerve --| (-) Inspiratory center

Back 172

Hering-Breuer reflex

Front 173

Stretch receptors are located in the _____ portion of walls of _____ and _____.

Back 173

Muscular; Bronchi; Bronchioles

Front 174

Stretch receptors prevent excess lung _____ by switching off the _____ respiratory group of the respiratory center.

Back 174

Inflation; Dorsal

Front 175

Excess carbon dioxide or excess hydrogen ions in blood greatly _____ the strength of the inspiratory and expiratory centers.

Back 175

Increase

Front 176

Excess _____ _____ or excess _____ ions in blood greatly increases the strength of the inspiratory and expiratory centers

Back 176

Carbon dioxide; Hydrogen

Front 177

_____ body - _____ of the _____:
1. Responds to oxygen (greatest Po2<100 mmHg)
2. Responds to carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions

Back 177

Carotid; Bifurcation; Carotids

Front 178

Changes in arterial PCO2 have _____ effect on control of respiration than changes in arterial pH.

Back 178

Greater

Front 179

There is a linear _____ in ventilation with increasing oxygen consumption.

Back 179

Increase

Front 180

Arterial PO2, PCO2 and pH do not change in direct correlation to increased _____. PCO2 may _____ slightly.

Back 180

Ventilation; Decrease

Front 181

What are these factors thought to be caused by?
1. Overflow of signals from cortex
2. Body movements
3. Increased body temperature
4. Designed to control PCO2
5. Learned response

Back 181

Respiration during exercise

Front 182

The exact mechanism responsible for increased _____ is not known.

Back 182

Ventilation