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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The smooth muscle that causes your stomach to contract is an example of a(n) ----- in the human body.
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tissue
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The phospholipids that make up your cell membranes are an example of a(n) ----- in your body.
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chemical
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Sweat glands would be considered to be ----- tissue.
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epithelial
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Which of the following tissue types is found in the heart?
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connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
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Protection is the main function of the ----- system.
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integumentary
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Interstitial fluid:
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is extracellular fluid found outside the circulatory system
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Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
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If body temperature increases above normal, thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to the nerves that control the sweat glands and blood vessels near the surface of the skin to make the sweat rate increase and the surface blood vessels increase in diameter, which reduces body temperature. AND If blood pressure increases above normal baroreceptors in major arteries detect the change and send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to the nerves that control the heart and blood vessels to make the heart beat slower and the blood vessels increase in diameter which reduces blood pressure.
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The nucleus:
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contains our genetic code or DNA
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Messenger or mRNA coming from the nucleus that codes for a secretory protein will associate with ribosomes in the -----.
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Which of the following types of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes?
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tRNA
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Phospholipids for the plasma membrane are made in -----.
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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In the beta cells of the pancreas, insulin is manufactured in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and wrapped in a membrane by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It is then sent to the ----- to be processed and packaged into secretory vesicles.
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golgi complex
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A worn out and damaged mitochondria would fuse with a ----- to be digested by hydrolytic enzymes.
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lysosome
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Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a byproduct of aerobic respiration. Knowing this, you would expect cells that do a lot of aerobic respiration to have a lot of ----- to convert the hydrogen peroxide back to water and oxygen.
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perioxisomes
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The ----- is where the majority of ATP is produced in a cell.
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mitochondria
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Which of the following cytoskeletal elements do not rearrange themselves and are therefore considered to be permanent?
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intermediate filaments
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Flagella and cilia are made up of -----.
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microtubules
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Which of the following types of cell junctions would you expect to find between epithelial cells lining the small intestines?
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tight junctions
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----- groups are the functional groups found on proteins that contain nitrogen.
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Amino
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The making of lactose in the mammary gland from glucose and galactose is an eample of a ----- reaction where ----- is used and ----- is released.
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dehydration synthesis : energy : water
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Which of the following polysaccharides is used for structure by plants? It is not digested in our small intestine, because we did not evolve the ability to produce enzymes capable of breaking the covalent bonds between the glucose molecules and instead rely on symbiotic bacteria in our large intestine to help us digest it.
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cellulose
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----- are more energy dense and do not require water to store. They therefore serve as the biomolecule of choice for our bodies for energy storage.
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Lipids
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Which of the following types of lipid is amphipathic?
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phospholipid
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The 20 different amino acids used animals to make proteins have different -----.
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side chain
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Which of the following is a type of protein?
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sucrase the enzyme that breaks down sucrose AND The antibodies produced by our B cells in response to infection AND ferritin that binds and stores iron in our liver AND aquaporins that serve as channels for water to move through the plasma membrane
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When a protein denatures:
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Weak non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces are disrupted. AND The protein unfolds losing its quaternary and tertiary structure
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enzymes:
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decrease the amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur AND tend to have on a few or a single substrate AND catalyze a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process AND bind to the substrate forming an enzyme substrate complex before forming the product
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Which of the following nucleic acids is double stranded?
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DNA
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----- is a series of enzymatic reactions that breaks one six carbon glucose into two three carbon pyruvates.
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glycolysis
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Lactate dehydrogenase converts ----- to ----- when oxygen is not available to allow glycolysis to continue.
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pyruvate : lactic acid
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The krebs cycle occurs in the ----- because the ----- is too acidic.
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mitochondrial matrix : intermembrane space
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The role of NAD and FAD in aerobic respiration is
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to carry the high energy electrons and hydrogen released during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.
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The electron transport chain:
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is a series of proton pumps that use the energy from electrons to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.
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During gluconeogenesis cells can make glucose from which of the following molecules?
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amino acids
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Phospholipids:
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have a polar head region that interacts with intracellular and extracellular fluid AND have nonpolar tail regions that form the interior of the plasma membrane AND spontaneously form a lipid bilayer when placed in water AND are amphipathic
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The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. Which of the following substances can cross the plasma membrane unassisted?
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oxygen
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The role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane is:
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increase fluidity
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Which of the following is NOT a type of protein found in or associated with the plasma membrane?
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cellulose
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A ----- has a positive charge because it has ----- an electron.
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cation : given up
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Potassium
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has a chemical gradient pulling it our of the cell AND has an electrical gradient holding it in the cell AND is in higher concentration inside of the cell than outside AND can move down its electrochemical gradient through leak channels
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The resting membrane potential of most of our cells is -----.
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-70 mV
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Which of the following would increase the diffusion rate of oxygen into a cell's mitochondria?
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decreasing the distance between the plasma membrane and mitochondria
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When you become dehydrated the osmolality of you plasma increases and water ----- your red blood cells by osmosis and your red blood cells -----.
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leaves : shrink
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If gated ion channels for sodium open on a cell's plasma membrane, sodium will:
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diffuse into the cell
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On the basolateral membrane of enterocytes, glucose moves down its concentration gradient as it leaves the cell and enters the bloodstream. Therefore, glucose is moving by ----- across the basolateral membrane of enterocytes.
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facilitated diffusion
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The sodium potassium pump:
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pumps 3 sodium out of cells and two potassium into cells.
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The calcium ATPase, present on the plasma membrane of cardiac muscle cells, directly uses ATP to pump calcium out of the cells against its electrochemical gradient. Therefore calcium is moving by ----- across the plasma membrane of cardiac muscle cells.
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primary active transport
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On the apical membrane of enterocytes glucose moves up its concentration gradient as it enters the cell from the intestinal lumen. If the chemical ouabain, which shuts down sodium potassium pumps, is present, glucose is no longer absorbed across the apical membrane. Therefore glucose is moving by ----- across the apical membrane of enterocytes.
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secondary active transport
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Peptide hormones, like insulin, that are stored in secretory vesicles until needed are released in bulk by ----- from the endocrine cells that produce them.
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exocytosis
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Free time
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Go!
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----- send action potentials away from the central nervous system.
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efferent neurons
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The ----- in neurons has a high abundance of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels and the first place an action potential is fired.
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axon hillock
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sodium:
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has an electrical driving force pulling it into the cell at resting membrane potential
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The resting membrane potential of cells is close to the equilibrium potential of potassium because:
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potassium leak channels make cells permeable to potassium at rest
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Potassium:
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is in higher concentration inside of cells AND is the major intracellular cation AND has opposing electrical and chemical gradients AND has leak channels that are always open on cells
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If a cell has a resting membrane potential of -70mV and the membrane potential changes to +10mV this is an example of:
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depolarization
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Graded potentials:
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vary in magnitude AND can sum AND can be excitatory or inhibitory AND travel short distances
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if graded potentials sum and bring the ----- to threshold potential, ----- gated sodium channels open causing the ----- or rising phase of an action potential.
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axon hillock : voltage : depolarization
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At the peak of an action potential the inactivation gate of ----- channels close, and the voltage gated ----- channels open, causing the repolarization of falling phase of an action potential.
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sodium : potassium
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During the ----- refractory period it is impossible to fire another action potential because:
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absolute : voltage gated sodium channels are already open or their inactivation gates are closed
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If a subthreshold stimulus is received by a neuron:
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an action potential will not be fired
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Action potentials:
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are all or none |
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conduction of action potentials in neurons without myelin:
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is slower than conduction in myelinated neurons AND is called continguous conduction because an action potential is fired on all parts of the axon membrane
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An inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP) occurs when Y-aminobutyric acid or GABA binds to GABA receptors on the postsynaptic interneuron which opens ----- channels.
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chloride
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Which of the following is a function of astrocytes?
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help form the blood brain barrier AND remove excess potassium from the cerebral spinal fluid AND guide neurons during fetal brain development AND enhance synapse formation
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The middle meninges layer that reabsorbs cerebrospinal fluid is the:
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arachnoid mater
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In order for oxygen to enter the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from plasma, it must -----.
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move through the endothelial cells by simple diffusion
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The blood brain barrier:
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is due to tight junctions forming between endothelial cells in the capillaries supplying the brain
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cerebrospinal fluid
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is the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system
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The ----- controls many autonomic functions like heart and blood vessel function.
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brain stem
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The cerebral cortex is the outer portion of the ----- where your consciousness resides.
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cerebrum
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The ----- produces the hormones released by the posterior pituitary and controls the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary and therefore serves as the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
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hypothalamus
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The ----- helps direct your attention to stimuli of interest.
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thalamus
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The ----- subconsciously coordinates movements involved in things like walking.
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cerebellum
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In Parkinson's disease the ----- do no function properly and no longer suppress useless and unwanted patters of movement, leading to tremors.
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basal nuclei
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Which of the following is a correct pairing of a lobe of the cerebral cortex and its function?
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parietal lobe : somatosensory processing
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If you have a lisp when you speak it is due to issues in your -----?
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Broca's area
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Motor neurons can act as the ----- in basic reflexes.
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efferent pathway
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Preganglionic neurons in the ----- nervous system are ----- and release acetylcholine.
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parasympathetic : long AND sympathetic : short
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Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ----- and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter -----.
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norepinephrine : acetylcholine
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Prazosin is used to treat hypertension. It prevents norepinephrine from causing system wide vasoconstriction. Based on this information prazosin is:
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an antagonist for the sympathetic nervous system
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A motor unit:
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is a single motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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The steps of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction are listed below, out of order. Choose the correct order. 1. Acetylcholine is released by exocytosis from the motor neuron. 2. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate. 3. An action potential arrives at the motor neuron's axon terminal. 4. Voltage-gated calcium channels on the motor neuron's plasma membrane open. 5. An action potential is produced on the muscle fiber's sarcolemma.
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34125
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Which of the following types of receptors would the body use to detect core body temperature?
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thermoreceptors
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Which of the following statements concerning receptors is correct?
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Phasic receptors often exhibit an off-response and stop sending a signal despite the stimulus continuing.
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Which of the following statements about sensory coding is correct?
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The presence of lateral inhibition increases you ability to determine the location of the stimulus AND the smaller the receptive field size the higher the acuity AND tonic receptors are slowly adapting receptors and do no exhibit an off-response AND more intense stimuli cause higher frequency action potentials to be fired
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Merkel's disks that detect pressure changes are tonic and therefore ----- to the stimuli and ----- sending action potentials.
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do not adapt : keep
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Slow pain occurs ----- is transmitted on ----- neurons and is ----- localized.
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second : unmyelinated : poorly
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nociceptors
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can respond to a variety of damaging stimuli
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the circular muscles of the iris are innervated by the ----- nervous system and their contraction causes pupillary -----.
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parasympathetic : constriction
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To see objects that are ----- you want you zonular fibers to be -----, which allows you lens to be -----.
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near : slack : round
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cones:
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have high acuity
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when we enter a dark room, the retinal and opsin molecules within the ----- must first ----- before low light levels can be detected.
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rods : associate
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We can determine the ----- of a sound based on the amplitude of the sound waves.
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loudness
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Amplify incoming sound waves is the major function of the:
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middle ear
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Hair cells in the cochlea and vestibular apparatus are what type of receptor?
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mechanoreceptor
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Frequency of a sound is coded for by
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the location of the hair cell stimulated in the cochlea
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When you consume foods or beverages that are acidic and release H+, they are detected as ----- by your taste receptor cells.
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sour
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Olfactory receptors:
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are specialized ending on afferent neurons AND detect chemicals that are volatile AND detect a larger variety of chemicals than taste receptors
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Free time
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Go!
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The _____ is an intracellular storage site for calcium in muscle fibers. |
sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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When a sarcomere shortens: |
The H band shortens AND the I band shortens |
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Thich filaments in skeletal muscles contain the protein |
myosin |
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Which of the following parts of muscle contraction and relaxation require ATP? |
Cross bridge formation AND power stroke AND cross bridge detachment AND reuptake of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Calcium regulates muscle contraction |
by binding to troponin, which moves tropomyosin off the binding sites for myosin on actin, allowing cross bridges to form |
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Excitation contraction coupling occurs because |
T-tubules propagate action potentials to the interior of the muscle fibers causing the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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The slowest but most efficient way muscle fibers have for regenerating ATP is through |
aerobic respiration |
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If you are bench pressing some weights you biceps are undergoing _____ contractions, where they are generating force and causing movement. |
isotonic |
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Which of the following would increase the strength of a muscle's contraction |
recruit more motor units |
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If you are looking at a muscle fiber under the microscope and it has a small diameter, is dark red in appearance and has many mitochondria, you are looking at what type of muscle fiber? |
slow twitch oxidative |
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You decide to run the Antelope Island Buffalo run, an ultra marathon where you have to run 100 miles. At mile 85 you can not run any further due to fatigue. Which of the following might be causing your muscle fatigue |
the motor neurons run out of acetylcholine AND there is a buildup of lactic acid from anaerobic glycolysis AND there is a buildup of inorganic phosphate from heavy ATP use AND blood vessels supplying the muscle are being compressed by the contraction of that muscle |
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Which of the following proteins produced by the liver plays a role in blood clotting? |
fibrinogen |
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How does the biconcave shape of red blood cells increase the diffusion rate of oxygen? |
it increases the diffusion area for oxygen |
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The hormone ----- that causes increased red blood cell production is released by the -----, in response to a reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. |
erythropoeitin : kidney |
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Hemoglobin |
has a higher affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen |
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A stabbing victim that comes into the emergency room with extensive blood loss, will likely be diagnosed with |
hemorrhagic anemia |
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----- are the least abundant leukocytes in the blood and their numbers increase during allergies or parasite infections |
basophils |
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B-cells that produce antibodies are a type of |
lymphocyte |
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When a tissue becomes infected the number of ----- in the blood increases so that they can migrate to the infected tissue and become macrophages |
monocyte |
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Which of the following statements concerning platelets is correct |
platelets are shed from megakaryoctyes in the bone marrow in response to the liver releasing thrombopoietin AND platelets form a plug when they adhere to the exposed collagen of a damaged vessel AND platelets in a platelet plug release chemical messengers like epinephrine to further enhance vasoconstriction AND platelets in a platelet plug release ADP, which causes the surface of nearby circulating platelets to become sticky so that they also adhere to the enlarging platelet plug |
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The second step in hemostasis is: |
platelet plug formation |
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The clotting cascade: |
is a series of reactions that culminates with fibrinogen being converted to fibrin, which forms the mesh network that blood cells get trapped on |
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The myocardium is thickest in the ----- since it pumps blood to the ----- circuit that requires higher pressure than the ----- circuit. |
left ventricle : systemic : pulmonary |
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The depolarization or rising phase of the action potential that occurs in the hearts autorhythmic cells is due to |
opening of L-type calcium channels allowing calcium to enter the cells |
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Autorhythmic cells in the ----- have the fastest intrinsic firing rate of action potential and therefore serve as the pacemaker for the heart |
SA node |
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Which of the following is a difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle? |
presence of gap junctions |
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At the peak of depolarization ----- channels open in contractile cardiac cells leading to a ----- that prevents summation and tetanus |
calcium : plateau phase |
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Which of the following components of an ECG represents atrial systole? |
PQ interval |
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle is ventricular pressure greater than arterial pressure? |
ventricular ejection |
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the AV valves open? |
ventricular filling |
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During ----- the ventricles are starting to contract but ventricular pressure is still less than arterial pressure |
isovolumetric ventricular contraction |
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The sympathetic nervous system innervates the SA node. When the sympathetic postganglionic neuron fire action potentials: |
T-type calcium channel opening is enhanced |
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The parasympathetic nervous system also innervates the SA node. When the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons fire action potentials |
they release acetylcholine that binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the autorhythmic cells of the SA node AND T-type calcium channel opening is delayed AND potassium channel closing is delayed AND the rate of spontaneous depolarization is decreased |
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Stroke volume: |
is end diastolic volume minus end systolic volume |
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cardiac output |
is heart rate times stroke volume |
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resistance to blood flow increases when |
radius of a blood vessel decreases |
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Flow rates are highest in the ----- due to high pressure and lowest in the ----- due to high resistance |
arteries : capillaries |
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The ----- are the thickest of the blood vessels and function as pressure reservoirs |
arteries |
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arterioles |
are the major resistance vessels AND can vasconstrict or vasodialate AND help properly distribute cardiac output to metabolically active tissues AND help regulate arterial blood pressure |
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Which of the following factors is most important in matching the blood flow to a specific tissue with the metabolic needs of that tissue? |
local changes within a tissue, resulting from increased metabolic activity, can produce local arteriolar vasodilation, to allow more blood to flow to the tissue |
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capillaries have slow ----- due to having high ----- |
flow rates : resistance |
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What is the primary method by which hydrophobic materials such as oxygen, and carbon dioxide, are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries and surrounding tissues? |
passive diffusion across the capillary endothelial cells down their concentration gradients |
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At the beginning of a capillary bed the ----- of the blood ----- fluid and solutes ----- the capillaries |
hydrostatic pressure : pushes : out of |
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The lymphatic system |
returns excess fluid filtered at the capillaries to the circulatory system |
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because veins are ----- and easily stretch, they act as a blood reservoir with 60% of our blood residing in them |
compliant |
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venous return to the heart is increased by |
skeletal muscle pumps AND one way valves AND venous vasoconstriction AND cardiac suction |
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When measuring blood pressure, the pressure reading on the sphygmomanometer the 1st time you hear a sound is the ----- pressure when the pressure reading on the sphygmomanometer when you no longer hear any sounds is the ----- pressure. |
systolic : diastolic |
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If baroreceptors in you carotid sinuses detect an decrease in blood pressure and decrease the frequency of action potentials to the cardiovascular control center in you oblongata, your cardiovascular control center will do which of the following in order to increase you blood pressure? |
increase heart rate via the sympathetic nervous system AND increase the contractile strength of the ventricular myocardium via the sympathetic nervous system AND increase venous vasoconstriction via the sympathetic nervous system AND increase arteriole vasoconstriction via the sympathetic nervous system |
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hypertension is diagnosed: |
when diastolic pressure is greater than 90mmHg AND when systolic pressure is greater than 140mmHg |
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Free time |
go! |
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Order the following steps in external respiration from first to last. 1. O2 and CO2 are exchanged between air in alveoli and blood within the pulmonary capillaries via diffusion. 2. blood transports O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissues. 3. Air is moved into and out of the lungs. 4. O2 and CO2 are exchanged between tissues and blood via diffusion across systemic (tissue) capillaries. |
3124 |
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The ----- is ringed by smooth muscle that constricts and relaxes to decrease or increase the flow of air into the lungs |
bronchi |
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Alveoli |
Are surrounded by pulmonary capillaries and are the site of oxygen exchange AND contain macrophages that help defend them from inhaled pathogens AND contain flattened type 1 alveolar cells that decrease the diffusion distance for oxygen into the pulmonary capilllaries AND contain type 2 alveolar cells that produce pulmonary surfactant that helps keep alveoli inflated |
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intrapleural pressure |
is always less than intra-alveolar pressure |
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When intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure ----- |
air moves out of the lung |
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As the volume of the lung increases, intra-alveolar pressure ------ |
decreases |
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During quiet breathing, expiration is a(n) ---- process that involves ------. |
passive : relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals |
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An increase in airway resistance is caused by |
bronchoconstriction |
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A decrease in the ----- of the lungs would increase the amount of work needed for ----- |
compliance : inspiration |
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Which of the following contributes to the rapid movement of gases into and out of the blood within the lungs? |
thin type 1 alveolar cells AND large surface area of alveoli and pulmonary capillaries AND large partial pressure gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide AND short diffusion distances |
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surfactant |
decreases water's ability to hydrogen bond |
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The volume of air in conducting airways that is useless for exchange is referred to as |
anatomical dead space |
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The partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary artery is ----- than the partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary vein, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the pulmonary artery is ----- than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the pulmonary vein |
less, greater |
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during intense exercise, the localized increase in lactic acid at skeletal muscles ----- hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, ----- oxygen' movement into the tissue |
decreases : increasing |
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hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is |
decreased in response to an increase in carbon dioxide |
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Which of the following is not a way that carbon dioxide is carried in the blood? |
bound to carbonic anhydrase in the plasma |
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In the pulmonary capillaries carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes catalyzes the reaction of: |
carbonic acid to water and carbon dioxide |
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In indirect chemical communication between cells, a ----- cell secretes a chemical messenger that binds to ----- on the ---- cell. |
secretory : receptors : target |
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once estrogen is synthesized it is |
immediately capable of diffusing across the membrane |
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The binding of hydrophillic hormones to ----- activate second messenger systems, which inactivate or inhibit cellular pathways |
G protein-linked receptor |
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The ----- is a secondary endocrine gland that produces the hormone erythropoietin that increases the production of red blood cells |
kidney |
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The hypothalamus produces and controls the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin from the ------ |
posterior pituitary gland |
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Which of the following correctly describes a pathway for secretion of a hormone under the control of tropic hormones |
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) release from the hypothalamus stimulates thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) release from the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone |
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Which of the following hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary is not considered to be tropic? |
prolactin |
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The release of ----- from the pineal gland is important for establishing -----. |
melatonin : circadian rhythm |
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Iodine is used by follicular cells in the ----- gland to make ----- |
thyroid : thyroid hormone |
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Thyroid hormone is unusual for a hydrophobic chemical messenger because : |
it is stored in a colloid and released on demand |
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The parathyroid gland will release parathyroid hormone in response to ----- while the thyroid gland will release calcitonin in response to ----- |
a decrease in blood calcium levels : an increase in blood calcium levels |
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Thymosin |
is a peptide hormone released by the thymus gland that regulates T-cell function |
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The adrenal gland releases two hormones involved in the stress response. -----, a steroid hormone with a relatively ----- half life in the blood and -----, a catecholamine with a relatively ----- half life in the blood. |
cortisol: longer: epinephrine: short |
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----- secreted from the adrenal cortex regulates sodium and potassium levels in the blood |
aldosterone |
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----- causes blood glucose levels to decrease while causes blood glucose levels to increase |
insulin : glucagon |
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ovaries secrete the ----- hormones ----- and ------. |
steroid: estrogen: progesterone |
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Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys? |
regulation of plasma temperatures |
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------ is everything that is filtered or secreted and not subsequently absorbed |
excretion |
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----- is the movement of a substance from the peritubular capillary blood into the tubular lumen. |
secretion |
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----- is the movement of a substance from glomerular capillary blood into the Bowman's capsule. |
filtration |
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----- is the movement of a substance from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillary blood. |
reabsorption |
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If the plasma colloid osmotic pressure is 25mmHg, the glomerular capillary blood pressure is 60mmHg and the Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure is 15mmHg what is the net filtration pressure causing glomerular filtration? |
20mmHg |
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Tubuloglomerular feedback, is an ----- mechanism that regulates glomerular filtration rate in which the macula densa in distal tubule detect a(n) ---- in flow of tubular fluid and release a paracrine factor that causes to afferent arteriole to ----- therefore leading to a(n) ------ in glomerular filtration rate. |
intrinsic: increase: constrict: decrease |
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which of the following is true concerning glucose reabsorption from the proximal tubule? |
glucose reabsorption shows a tubular maximum |
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water reabsorption occurs in all parts of the nephron except: |
ascending limb of the loop of henle |
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The vertical osmotic gradient in the kidney: |
is established and maintained by the countercurrent AND is due to the differential permeability of the descending and ascending limbs of the loops of henle AND is found in the renal medulla AND allows the kidneys to make urine that is hyperosmotic to blood |
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When extracellular fluid becomes ---- antidiuretic hormone secretion from the ----- |
hypotonic : posterior pituitary decreases |
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----- is an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I and is produced by ----- when there is a decrease in extracellular fluid NaCl, extracellular fluid volume, and/or blood pressure or an increase in extracellular potassium. |
renin : the kidney |
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Aldosterone increases ----- reabsorption and ----- secretion. |
sodium : potassium |
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In response to being stretched, the atria release atrial natriuretic peptitde (ANP), which decreases blood pressure by increasing ------ excretion. |
sodium |
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Hyperkalemia will |
lead to an increase in potassium secretion in the distal tubules and collecting ducts AND cause cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness AND increase aldosterone secretion AND lead to an increase in sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts |
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Hypocalcemia will: |
increase the release of parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glands |
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Free time |
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