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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central nervous system (CNS) |
Where- brain & spinal cord Function- integration & command center. |
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
Where- spinal & cranial nerves Function- carries messages to & from CNS |
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Motor vs. Sensory |
Motor carries away. Sensory carries toward. |
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Somatic nervous system |
It is voluntary. Conscious control of skeletal muscles. |
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Autonomic nervous system. (ANS) |
Involuntary. Visceral motor nerve fibers. Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Two subdivisions. |
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Sympathetic vs parasympathetic. |
Sympathetic- control body's reapinse during precieved threat. ( fight-or-flight) Parasympathetic- control body's reaponse while at rest. (Rest and digest) |
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Info flow in a nueron ( dendrites to axon) |
Dendrites receive signals (often from other nuerons). Signals change membrane polarization locally on dendrite> can spread toward axon hillock. If axon hillock depolarizes to threahold> action potential. |
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Multipolar neurons |
1 axon & several dendrites. Mostly in cns Some are motor nuerons. |
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Bipolar nueron |
1axon & 1 dendrite Sensory nuerons I.e. retina in the eye. |
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Unipolar neuron |
Cell body branched out. Sensory neuron. Skin. |
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Astrocytes ( CNS tissue) |
Anchors capillaries. |
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Microglia |
Defensive cells. Digest forgeign objects. |
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Ependymal cells |
Form barier, keep cerbrospinal fluid in place. |
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Oligodendrocytes |
Branched cells. Processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths. |
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White matter vs. Gray matter |
White- dense collections of myelinated fibers Gray- mostly nueron cell bodies & unmyelinated fibers. |
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
Pns to motor division. Motor to either somatic/ autonomic. Autonomic to either sympathetic/ parasympathetic. Sensory goes to CNS |
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Structure of a nerve |
It contains: axon, myelin sheath,endoneurium (inner tissue), perineurium (middle tissue layer), fasicle,blood vessels, epineurium (outer tissue layer) |
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Nerve classification |
Afferent- pure sensory Efferent- motor |
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Ganglion |
Where cell bodies are located are located |
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Schwann cells |
Surrond peripheral nerve fibers & form myelin sheaths. Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers. |
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Regeneration of axons |
1. Injury occurs to axon. 2. Nerve fiber de generates, but thin layer of schwan cell & conn tissue remains intact. 3. Conn tissue & schwann cells form regeneration tube. Undamaged end grows in tube. 4. New schwan cells form along growning axon& form new myelin sheath. 5. Eventually may be reestablished. |
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Neuron networking |
Networking occurs through synapses between neurons. |
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Nwuron signaling |
Signaling means that ine neuron is secreting neurotransmitters to communicate a signal to the next neuron in the pathway. |
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What has to occur before a neuron can secrete neurotransmitters in a synapse? |
Calcium enters axon terminal during action potential, causing release of neurotransmitters. |
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Ascending pathways vs descending |
Ascending- go up to brain, take in info. Crosses where? Descending- go to muscle, take out info. Crosses where? |
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Dermatome |
Area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve. Most dermatome overlap, so destruction of aingle spinal nerve will not cause complete numbness. |
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Inborn vs. Learned reflexes |
Inborn- rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to a stimulus. Learned- reflex result from practice or repetition. |
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Reflex arc |
1. Receptor- site of stimulus action. 2. Sensory neuron-transmits afferent impulses to CNS. 3. Intergration center-either monosynaptic / polysnaptic region w/in the CNS. 4. Motor neuron- conducts Efferent impulses from the intergration center to effector organ. 5. Effector- muscle fiber /gland cell that responds to the efferent impulses by contracting/ secreting. |
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How stretch reflex works. |
1. Tapping patellar ligament excites muscle in quads. 2. Afferent impulses travel to spinal cord, where synapses occur w/ motor neurons and interneurons. 3. Motor neurons send activating impulses to quads causing it to contract, extending the knee. 4. The interneurons make inhibitory synapses w/ ventral horn neurons that prevent the antagonist muscle from resisting the contraction of the quads. |
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Why are some neurotransmitters stimulatory, while some are inhibitory? |
This is determined by the receptor type of the postsynaptoc neuron. |
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Lsd project |
1.Lsd effects the neurotransmitter serotonin. Serotonin is broadly secreted in the brain. Plays roles in emotional behavoir and biological clock. Serotonin is inhibitory. Serotonin binds to receptors which can excite the cell, passing along the chemical message, or inhibit it. 2. Lsd interacts w/ particular receptors, but not always in the sam way. Sometimes lsd may inhibit & sometimea lsd may excite them. 3. Patient/ users may have experiences of hering colors or seeing sounds. This is because senses can cross over to the wrong part of the brain cause too many signals are being passed in this relaxed. |
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General characteristics of the cerebral cortex |
Thin (2-4 mm) superficial layer gray matter. 40% of mass of brain. Site of conscious mind. |
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Roles of motor vs. Sensory vs. Association areas. |
Motor- control voluntary movement. Sensory- conscious awareness of sensation. Association- intergrate diverse information. |
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Broca's area |
Anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area. Present in 1 hemisphere (left). A motor speech area that directs muscles of the tounge. Is active as one prepares to speak. |
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What does brain laterlization mean? |
Certain functions are located on one side of the brain. |
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What functions are generally performed in the left hemisphere vs. The right? |
Left- controls language, math, & logic. Right- controls insight, visual-spatial skills, intuition, & artistic skills. |
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Major functions of the thalamus |
Sorts, edits & relays information. Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory. |
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Major functions of the hypothalamus |
Autonomic control center for many visceral functions.(i.e. blood pressure). Center for emotional response. |
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Epithalamus functions |
Pineal gland- secretes melatonin( helps sleep) |
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Major functions of the limbic system. |
Helps eecognize facial expressions. Helps express emotions vis gesture. Puts emotional respones to odors. |
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Brain stem functions |
Controls autonomic behaviors necessary for survival. |
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Cerebellum function |
Cognitive- recognizes & predicts sequnces of events during complex movements. |
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Protection of the brain |
Bone-skull Membranes- meninges Watery cushion- cerebrospinal fluidz protectsfrom blows & other truama. Removes waste. Blood-brain barrier- makes sure things like waste don't get into the brain. |
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Different layers of the meninges. |
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater |
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Basic functions of cerebrospinal fluid, where produced, where located. Brain & spinal cord? |
Functions- buoyancy to cns organs. Protect cns from blows & truama. Nourish brain&carried chemical signals. Help remove waste from cns tissue. Produced- choroid plexus. |
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Flaccid paralysis |
Severe damage to ventral root or ventral horn. So they can feel everything they can't move muscles. |
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Transection |
Cross-sectioning of spinal cord at any level. Results in tital motor & sensory loss in regions inferior to cut. Paraplegia- transection between T1&L1 Quadriplegia-transection in the cervical region. |
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Multiple sclerosis open ended question. |
MS affects the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms can be from tingling of muscles to stiffness. Treatment can realive the these symptoms and delay the disease progression but not exactly cure it. Treatments can range from meds to surgeries. It is best to be diagnosed early in life with MS since treatment can slow down the disease. |
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In the parasympathetic and sympathetic neuron chains where are the cell bodies located of these nuerons located? |
Sympathetic- T1-L2 Sympathetic- T1-L2Parasympathetic- cranial nerves III,VI,IX, X, S2-S4 Parasympathetic- cranial nerves III,VI,IX, X, S2-S4 |
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What are ganglia, and where are they generally located for each division? |
Sympathetic- located in sympathetic trunk. Parasympathetic-located close to target organs. |
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What is it meant by refered pain & why can this occur? |
It is not where the exact pain is. Visceral pain travel through same spinal nerve as pain from skin and skeletal muscles. |
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How many neurons are involved in the preganglionic and ganglionic of ANS? |
It is always 2 |
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Diffeent effector of pre& ganglionic of ANS depending on neurotransmitters? |
Possitive and negative. |
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What neurotransmitter at effector? |
Para- ach Sympathetic- norepinephrine |
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Cranial nerves #, names, function, semsory/motor. |
1 olfactory, sensory, smell 2 optic, sensory, vision 3 oculomotor, motor, 4 trochlear, motor 5. Trigeminal, sensory, general sensation, motor 6. Abducens, motor 7. Facial, sensory, taste, motor 8. Vestibulocohlear, sensory, hearing & balance, some motor 9. Glossopharyngeal, sensory taste, motor 10. Vagus, sensory taste, motor 11. Accessory, motor 12. Hypoglossal, motor |
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Adrenergoc receptors bind to norepinephrine. |
Alpha- over the counter meds for colds, alergies, nadal congestion stimulate adrenergic receptors Beta- blockers reduce heart rate, and blood preasure. Agonists help dialate respiratory passages by relaxing smooth muscle cels in walls of bronchii. |
