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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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HR > 125 bpm =
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tachycardia
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ecg can provide info about (4 things)
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heartbeat rate & rhythm, conduction velocity, cardiomegaly, tissue damage
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what is stroke volume
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blood ejected from ea. ventricle during contraction
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lub =
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av valves closing
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beta blockers
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decrease heartrate
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ventricular diastole
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ventricular pressure declines. semilunar valves close, dub sound
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intercalated discs
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2 cardiac muscle cells connected by gas junctions
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stimulation of beta receptors on heart muscle results in
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formation of cAMP
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rapid depol phase is due to what ion?
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Na+ entry
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plateau phase is due to influx of
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Ca++
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steep polarization phase due to
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K+
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acetylcholine slows HR by
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decreasing permeability only to ca++
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ca++ channel blockers
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decrease force of cardiac contraction
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arteries are healthy when they are (2)
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compliant and elastic
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ca++ channel blockers bind to ca++ channel proteins and
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make vessels dilate
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angiogenesis
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the growth of new blood vessels
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bloodflow to a tissue will increase if
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level of CO2 at tissue increases
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difference between systole and diastole pressure =
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pulse pressure
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myogenic autoregulation
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stretched smooth muscle in a BV constricts reflexively
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vascular smooth muscle has ______ receptors and constricts in response to sympathtic stimulation
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alpha
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epi binds to beta-2 receptors and DOES NOT
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reduce bloodflow to the liver
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_______ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluid to pass thru them. ___________ caps are tightly joined cells with high selectiveness
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fenestrated. continuous.
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restoring lost fluid from the caps back to the circulatory system is a major function of what system
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lymphatic
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pulmonary edema is associated with (2)
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left side heart failure and dyspnea r/t ox exchange
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integrating center for neural control of BP:
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medulla oblongata
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baroreceptor reflex, when triggered by a BP decline, does what 2 things
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increases sympathetic activity and increases cardiac output
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HDL cholesterol is taken where and why
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to the liver for use or excretion
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how does chronic htn develop
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baroreceptors adapt to higher pressures
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fenestrated capillaries are found:
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in the liver
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what are the medicinal tx for htn
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ace inhibitors, ca++ channel blockers, beta blockers (NOT ANP blockers or chloride blockers)
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fluid portion of blood containing h2o and chons is called
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plasma
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plasma chons necessary for blood clotting are
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fibrinogens
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what plasma chons are found in the highest concentration in normal blood
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albumin
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rbc production regulated by what hormone
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erytropoietin
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thrombopoietin is produced where
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kidneys and liver
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average lifespan of a rbc
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4 months
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hgb molecule is made of
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4 chon chains and 4 heme groups
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rbc production is called
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erythropoiesis
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rbc's are shaped as bi-concave disk to allow it to:
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change shapes to squeeze thru and shrink or swell slightly in response to osmotic conditions
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platelets are fromed from cells in bone marrow called
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megakaryocytes
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what happens first in hemostasis
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platelet adhesion, then pl. aggregation, then plug, then fibrinogen conversion, then thrombus
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actual sites of gas exchange within lungs are
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alveoli
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repiratory tree in order
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primary bronchi, 2ndary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronch's, alveoli
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airway btween larynx and primary bronchi
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trachea
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air moves into lungs because
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gas pressure in lungs is less than outside pressure
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what does surfactant do
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helps prevent alveoli from collapsing
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why do CF sufferers have dyspnea
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thick secretions exceed ability of mucus elevator to tranport it
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inhale then blow all air out possible. what's the amount of air expelled called
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vital capacity
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glottis is closed, abd and intercostals contract, creating pressure that blast air out.
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cough
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exchange of respiratory gasses occurs by
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simple diffusion
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lung pathology r/t heart disease
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pulmonary edema
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most important chemical regulator of respiration
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ca2
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10% increase in co2 in the blood will do what to respiration
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increase its rate
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smooth muscle cells of bronchioles are well supplied with ________ receptors
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beta2
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pathology where o2 carrying capacity of the blood is reduced
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anemia
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most o2 is transported by the blood is
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bound to hgb
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high co2 in body fluids is called
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hypercapnia
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co2 is more soluble in water than o2. to get the same amt of o2 to dissolve in plasma as in co2, you would need to
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increase the partial pressure of o2
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o2 saturation of hgb is greater when the pH is higher or lower
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higher
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o2 saturation of hgn is greater when the temp is higher or lower
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higher
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functions of urinary system
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maintains plasma ion balance, regulated vol of ecf, balances pH, eliminates organic waste products and foreign mat'ls - all the above
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do kidneys regulate blood protein levels
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NO
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ions directly regulated by the kidney include:
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na+, k+, ca++, Hco3 (NOT OH)
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urine is produced in what organ
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kidney
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is the liver part of the urinary system?
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NO
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bowmans capsule and glomerulus together are called
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renal corpuscle
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glomerulus is
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a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle
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the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the
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distal tubule
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the hairpin shaped sement of the nephron is the
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loop of henle
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the region known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus is formed by what part of the nephron
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distal tubule
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the process of filtration happens where
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bowmans capsule
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glomerular filtration ifs favored by the
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hydraulic pressure of the blood in the glomerular capillaries
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process of urine formation involves
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filtering plasma, reabsorbing water and certain solutes, secreting wastes - all the above
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primary function of the proximal tubule is
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reabsorption of ions, organic molecules and water
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process of filtration is drivn by
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blood hydraulic pressure
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normal urine does not containt
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glucose, chons, consistent amts of ions, amino acids
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glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by
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symport with sodium
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during micturation reflex
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all the above, stimulation of stretch receptors, increased parasympa motor neurons, internal sphincter must be consciously relaxed, external sphinctor relaxes parasympathetically
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large proteins are not normal in urine
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true
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one of these leads from each kidney to the urinary bladder
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ureter
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hollow expandable organ collects and stores urine
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bladder
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outer layer of kidney tissue
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cortex
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functional unit of kidney
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nephron
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inner layer of kidney tissue
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medulla
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damage to the renal medulla would interfere first with the functioning of the
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collecting ducts
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obstruction in glomerulus would affect blood flow to
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efferent arteriole
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glucose is brought into cytoplasm of kidney tubular cells against its concentration gradient by
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symport with sodium and harnessing the energy of na+ moving down its electrochemical gradient
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3 systems that work together most closely to regulate BP, osmolarity and pH are
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urinary, respiratory, and cv
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kidneys can alter ecf volume and osmolarity by
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changing the amout of water AND sodium secreted
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hormones that controls water excretion by the kidneys is
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adh
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primary osmoreceptors are located in the
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hypothalamus
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principal cation in the icf is
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potassium
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plams water is lost, but lytes retained
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osmosis moves water from icf to ecf
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adh does what
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stimulates water conservation at kidneys
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baroreceptos in carotid and aortic bodies sensing increased BP trigger
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inhibition of ADH secretion
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portion of nephron that creates dilute urine
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loop of henle
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juxtaglomerular cells in the nephron secrete
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renin
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antiotensin II
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stimulates thirst, causes widespread vasoconstriction, causes synthesis and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
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ace inhibitors
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block angiotensin 1 conversion to 2. lowers BP. reduces na+ reabsorption. decreases ecf volume
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aldosterone
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promotes sodium retention in kidneys
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concetration of sodium in ecf decreases, what happens next
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less adh is released
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ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
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increases GFR and inhibits the release of renin
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ANP's effect on NP
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lowers it
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increase in plasma potassium levels
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hyperkalemia
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most k+ in body is
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inside cells
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excess potassium ions are eliminated from body via
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kidneys
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thirst is controlled where
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centers in the hypothalamus
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thirst is triggered by
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increased osmolarity
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symptoms of low plasma pH may include
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CNS depression, confusion, disorientation
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hyperventilation causes
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respiratory acidosis
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compensators for pH of body fluids
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all of the above (all buffer systems and changes in rate and depth of breathing)
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emphysema sufferers exhbit what pH condition
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respiratory acidosis
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moutain climber at high altitude would exhibit
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respiratory alkalosis
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high consumption of antacids puts you at risk for
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metabolic alkalosis
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changes in blood osmotic pressure would affect the levels of what hormone in blood
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ADH
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enzyme renin is responsibile for activation of
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angiotensin
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dehydration causes
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increased thirst
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when would pH be lower, after hyperventilating or hypoventilating
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hypoventilating
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pH of the ecf declines, then the kidneys secrete
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potassium ions
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man lost in desert with little water for 2 days would exhibit
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high adh levels
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chronic pathology with altered bowel habits and abd pain r/t motility
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irritable bowel syndrome
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cephalic phase of digestion is drive by
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seeing and smelling foods
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GI phases - what does the paracrine somatostatin in the stomach do
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inhibits gastric acid secretion
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cholecystokinin's primary action is
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release of bile from gall bladder
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4 layers of the gi tract from outermost layer and in
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4132 serosa, muscularis, submucosa, muscosa
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the pancreatic reflex of the small intestine is mediated by
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the nervous system and cholectykinin
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what area of the brain controls the vomiting reflex
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medulla
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healthy cholesterol lipoprotin
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HDL high density lipochons
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what's hypercholesterolemia
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elevated plasma cholesterol
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primary hormones responsible for glucose metab
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insulin and glucagon
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protein hormone is produced by adipocytes and indirectly inhibits appetite
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leptin
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during the fasting state the CNS depends on
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gluconeogenesis by the liver and the kidneys
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what symptoms/diagnostic features offer the best info that your patient has the most common type of DM
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patient is adult and obese
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symptoms of DM1
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destruction of beta cells leading to no insulin and elevated fasting BG
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primary target tissues for insulin
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liver muscle adipose
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dehydration is consequence of what
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polyuria, severe thirst, diuresis
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hyperthermia can be countered by
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wetting the skin
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secretion of _____________ in the hypothalamic - pituitary - adremocortical axis is r/t its source cells firing action potentials
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corticotropin releasing hormone
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metanolism stimulating hormones of the ______ gland are lipophilic molecules. this is the only place int he body where ______serves an impt function
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thyroid; iodine
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growth hormone
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promotes bone and muscle growth, amino acid uptake by cells, glucose sparing
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cortisol can affect bone metabolism how
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weakened bones, increased renal excretion of calcium, increased bone resorption - all the above
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hypocalcemia
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plasma ca++ decreases, nervous system becomes hyperexcitable
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bulging eyes, goiter, and accelerated metabolism are signs of
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graves disease.
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how is t3 released
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hypothalamus releases trh, ant pit releases tsh, thyroid releases t4, t4 conversts to t3
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most ca in body is found in
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bones
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increased free phosphate ions would acocmpany
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bone loss r/t osteoporosis
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acromegaly is
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adults, enlarged jaws, hands, feet, coarsening of facial features
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3 major functions of immune system
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protect from pathogens, remove dead and damaged stuff, recognize and remove abnormal cells
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order of immune response
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detect/id, communicate, recruit/coordinate, destroy/suppress
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primary cells of immune system
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wbc
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which leukocytes contain histamine and heparin
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basophils
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what stimulates pain receptors, tenderness, inflam
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bradykinin
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what does interleukin-2 do
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mediate inflam response
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3 main types of lympohcytes
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B and T lymphocytes, natural killer cells
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occurs when body is exposed to pathogen and creates its own antibodies
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active immunity
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RA, MS, and guillain barre are common autoimmune diseases
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true
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baroreceptor reflex during exercise
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signals from motor cortex during exercise reset arterial baroreceptor threshold to a higher pressure
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with chronic exercise, skeletal muscle fibers upregulate
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glucose TRANsporters and insulin RECEPTors
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primary substrates for energy production
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carbs and fats
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fx of sympathetic stimulation
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increased everything
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as body temp rises, what thermoregulatory mechanisms are triggered
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sweating, cutaneous bloodflow
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feedforward signals from motor cortex and sensory feedback from perif sensory receptors
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exercise hyperventilation
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redistribution of bloodflow during exercise from combo of
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vasodilation of skeletal muscle arterioles and vasoconstriction in other tissues
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during exercise
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plasma glucose concentrations rise and insulin secretion decreases
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in the production of gamets within each cell there are 4 complete sets of chromosomes when
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at the onset of meiosis
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to develop normally in females, every cell in embryo must have
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one x chromosome and unexposed to fetal androgens
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in the absense of anti mullerian hormones/androgens, what do the mullerian ducts become
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fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina
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ambivalence of the bipotential gonad ends
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near end of month 2 of gestation, r/t SRY gene product
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mechanism leading to male or femaile behavioral template
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related to gonodal steroids in non humans. humans: not clearly defined
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blood flow to erectile penis
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is increased by activity in parasympa neurons. parasympa has direct control of blood flow
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the scrotum is outside the abd cavity because
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sperm production is impaired at higher temps in abd cavity
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sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules require stimulation from ______ in order to __________
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FSH and testosterone to support spermiogenesis
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ovarian steroids exert negative feedback on hypothalamic pituitary reproductive axis ecxept
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for a brief time before ovulation
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