Physiology Exam 3: Immune System/cells

Front 1

Types of Granulocytes

Back 1

Neutrophils
Esinophils
Basophils

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Types of Agranulocytes

Back 2

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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Neutrophils

Back 3

Multilobed nucleus
Phagocyte at site of infection

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Esinophils

Back 4

Respond to allergies and parasitic worms

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Basophils

Back 5

Histamine containing cells
Cause inflammatory response

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Lymphocytes

Back 6

Nucleus fills most of the cell

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Monocytes

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Largest WBC
Acts as macrophage
Helps fighting chronic infections

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Most common to least common

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Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Esinophils
Basophils

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What is Hematopoiesis

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Blood cell formation from hemocytoblasts

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Types of Hemocytoblasts

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Lymphoid
Myeloid

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What do Lymphoids produce

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Lymphcytes

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What do Myeloids produce

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All other formed elements in blood
(Neutrophils, Basophils, Esinophils, monocytes, erythrocytes, platelets)

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What do Colony Stimulating factors and interluekins stimulate?

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generation of leukocytes

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What does Thromopioetin stimulate?

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production of platlets

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Innate Immunity

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Nonspecific
Protects against many invaders

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Adaptive immunity

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Specific defense required for each invader

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First line of defense

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Body surface coverings
Specialized human cells
Chemicals produced by the body

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Specialized Human Cells (1st line)

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Phagocytes
NK cells
Inflammatory cell response
Antimicrobial proteins

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Inflammatory response

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Triggered when cells of body are injured
Indicated by redness, swelling, heat, or pain

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Antimicrobial Proteins

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Complement proteins
Interferons

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Complement

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Proteins activated by compliment fixation
Damage foreign cell curface, form pores leading to lyses
Release vasodilation and chemotaxis
Results in opsonization

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Interferons

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Proteins secreted by virus infected cells
Bind to healthy cells and interfere with viral reproduction

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Antigens (3rd Line)

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Self and Nonself

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Nonself Antigens

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any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response.

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Self Antigens

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Human cells have surface proteins (MCH1) identifying themselves as self

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Types of Adaptive Defense

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Antigen specific
Systemic
Memory

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Antigen Specific

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Acts against particular foreign substance

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Systemic

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Not restricted to initial infection site

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Memoty

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Recognizes and mounts stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens

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Humoral Immunity

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Antibody mediated
Performed by antibodies from Bcells
Primarily extracellular

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Cellular Immunity

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Targets virus infected or cancer cells
Involves Cytotoxic T cells responding to antigen presenting cells
Primarily intracellular

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Cells of the Adaptive Immune System

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Lymphocytes
Macrophages

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Lympohcytes

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Respond to specific antigens
There are T and B lymphocytes

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Macrophages

Back 34

Arise from monocytes, help lymphocytes
Secrete cytokines

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B-cell binding

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Activates lymphocytes to undergo clonal selection, where many clones are produced.
Some clones become memory cells, most become plasma cells (last 4-5 days).

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Types of Antibodies

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IgG
IgM
IgE
IgA

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IgG

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Most common
leads to opsonization
can cross placenta

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IgM

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Involved with the transmembrane of B-cells
First responder

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IgE

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Involved in parasite control
Responds to allergies and asthma

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IgA

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Present in mucous (airway and digestive tract)
Found in mothers breast milk

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Natural Active immunity

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Acquired during bacterial inection

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Artificial Active Immunity

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Acquired via vaccines (attenuated or live)

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Natural Passive immunity

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Mother to fetus (protection provided from borrowed antibodies)

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Artificial Passive Immunity

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Acquired via immune serum of gamma globulin. (protection provided from borrowed antibodies)

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MCH1

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On all nucleated cells
Displayed to cytotoxic T-cells (CD8)
Identifies as self

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MCH2

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On phagocytic cells (antigen presenting)
Display to helper T-cells (CD4)

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Types of T-cells

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Cytotoxic T-cells
Helper T-cells
Regulatory T-cells

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Cytotoxic (Killer) T-cells

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MCH1 CD8 complex
Specialize in killing infected cells
insert toxic perforins

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Helper T-cells

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Recruit other cells to help fight
Interact directly with B-cells
MCH2 CD4 complex

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Regulatory T-cells

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Release chemicals to surpress T and B-cell activity
Stop the immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity

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Insect Immunity

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Does not involve lymphocytes, immunoglobulins, of antibodies.

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Hemolin

Back 52

Found in insects, similar to immunoglobulins

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Cepropins

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Found in insects, lyse bacterial cell membranes

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Lectins

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Found in insects, agglutinating molecules, encase invaders in the material of the exoskeleton.