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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Series of proteins in blood and tissue fluids that can be activated to help destroy and remove invading microbes.
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Complement System
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Proteins that function as chemical messengers, allowing cells to communicate.
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Cytokines
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Type of phagocytic cell that resides in tissues and has multiple roles, including scavenging debris and producing pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Macrophage
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Major type of phagocytic cell in blood.
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Neutrophils
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Coating of an object with molecules for which phagocytes have receptors, making it easier for phagocytosis to occur
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Opsonization
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Proteins on or in cells that recognize specific compounds unique to microbes or tissue damage, allowing the cells to sense the presence of invading microbes or damage.
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PRR
Pattern Recognition Receptors |
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Describe how the skin protects agains infection.
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Closely inter-woven skin cells provide a protective barrier through which mo's can not move. Skin also has sweat glands, sweat with lysozyme which degrades cell walls of mo's. Skin pH is not hospitable to mo's.
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What factors in saliva aid in protection against microbes?
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Lysozyme
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Why is iron metabolism important in the body's defense.
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If the host can regulate use of iron and prevent microbes from using this vital element, microbes can not thrive.
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How do complement proteins cause foreign cell lysis?
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The MAC formes pores on the surface of foreign cells, causing it to lyse.
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How do phagocytes enter tissues during an inflammatory response?
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The vessels increase permeability and allow them to enter between the epithileal cells of the vessels
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What is the pH of the skin?
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3-5
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What is the enyzme that breaks down peptidoglycan?
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Lysozyme
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How does lysozyme break down peptidoglycan?
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Breaks the NAG and NAG bonds of peptidoglycan
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Are Gram negative or Gram positive cells susceptible to lysozyome?
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Gram Positive
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What are the two things that sequester iron, keeping it from use by mo's?
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Transferrin, lactoferrin
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What is normal flora?
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Natural mo's that live in our system all the time. Not harmful to us but offer competition to invading mo's and preventing their invasion.
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What is the protein in flagella which is recognized by TLR's?
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Flagellan
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What element is detected by TLR's from Gram positive invaders?
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Peptydoglycan
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What element is detected by TLR's from Gram negative invaders?
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Lipopolysaccharide LPS
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List some different versions of RNA/DNA which is foreign to us and is detected by TLR's.
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ssRNA, ssDNA, dsRNA
Even if it's in the form of our DNA/RNA, ie dsDNA, ssRNA, there are sequences present in foreign versions TLR's recognize |
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What is lipoteichoic acid?
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A component of the Gram positive cell wall
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What does a macrophage do?
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Attracts help from the immune system and can stimulate an inflammatory response.
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List four different kinds of granulocytes
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basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte
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What is the most important and abundant granulocyte?
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Neutrophils
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What do mononuclear phagocytes mature into?
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Macrophages and dendritic cells
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Polymorphonuclear Neutrophilicleukocyte
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Neutrophils
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Where are neutrophils generally located?
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In the blood until needed in the tissues.
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How long do neutrophils live?
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1-2 days
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Are neutrophils bigger or smaller than red blood cells?
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Bigger
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What two methods are used to protect us from mo's by neutrophils?
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Phagocytosis of the mo and releasing chemicals in granules to kill the mo
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What % of leukocytes in the blood are neutrophils?
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Approx 35%
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What % of leukocytes in the blood are eosinophils?
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2-4%
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What % of leukocytes in the blood are basophils?
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0.5-1%
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What is the primary role of eosinphils?
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Degranulation
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When is degranulation useful?
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When mo's are too large to phagocytize
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Mast cells hang out _________ and basophils hang out _________
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in the tissues; in the blood
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What kind of chemicals do mast cells and basophils have in their granules?
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Not toxic chemicals but inflammatory mediators ie histomines
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Inflammation is a (1st/2nd) line defense?
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2nd
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What % of leukocytes in the blood are monocytes?
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3.8%
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Where do monocytes mature into macrophages and dendritic cells?
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In the tissues
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Macrophages live where?
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Tissues
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List two general kinds of opsonins
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C3b and IgG antibody
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_________ and _________ fuse together inside a phagosome and form a ___________ where mo's are degraded.
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endosomes, lysososomes, phagolysosome
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Can a neutrophil phagocytize repeated mo's?
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No. Once it uses up all of its lysozome it dies.
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