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257 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Physiology
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The science of body function. (Knowledge of nature)
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___ Fits function.
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Form. (The job a cell can do depends on its shape)
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Pathophysiology
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Physiology gone wrong.
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What is the organization of the body?
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1. Atoms
2. Molecules 3. Cells 4. Tissues 5. Organs 6. Organ Systems 7. Organism |
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Cells are..?
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The smallest living units capable of carrying out their own basic functions.
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The body has over ____ different cell types.
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200
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What are the 4 cell groups?
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1. Neurons
2. Muscle Cells 3. Epithelial Cells 4. Connective Tissue |
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What is Tissue?
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A collection of cells performing a similar function.
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Nervous Tissue does what?
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Transmits signals for communication, and they have branches to receive or transmit information from receptors.
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You receive information from _____.
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Receptors
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Information is ____ to muscles or glands.
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Transmitted
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Some neurons ____ Information.
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Process
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Muscle Tissue
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They are specialized to contract, can be voluntary/involuntary.
Ex: Of contraction: Flexing forearm, Pumping of blood, Mixing food in stomach |
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Epithelial Tissue
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A sheet like layer of cells, line body surfaces and hollow body tubes and organs. Function as a barrier and as a TRANSPORT membrane.
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What are Glands?
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Formed from epithelium and they manufacture a product.
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Exocrine Gland
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Has ducts leading to external environment.
Ex: Sweat glands, Salivary Glands |
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Endocrine Glands
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Does NOT have ducts, Product is released in blood and the product is a hormone.
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Connective Tissue
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The most diverse of the 4 tissues, characterized by extracellular matrix, anchors, links, and supports structures of the body.
Ex: Bone, Tendons, Fat, Blood |
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Organ
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2 or more tissues combine to make up structures that perform particular functions.
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Organ System
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Collections of organs that work together to perform certain functions.
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In comes ____ and ____.
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Nutrients, Oxygen
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Out goes ____ and unneeded material.
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Wastes
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The majority of water is where in the body?
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Cells
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Plasma is how much of total body water?
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7%
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Interstitial Fluid is how much of total body water?
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26%
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Intracellular Fluid is how much of total body water?
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67%
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What is homeostasis?
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Dynamic mechanisms that detect and respond to deviations in physiological variables from their set point values.
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Homeostasis initiates the ____ that responded the restore variables to the optimal physiological range.
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Effector
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Homeostasis requires organ system what?
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Integration
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Disruption of _____ is the basis for disease and death. (Pathophysiology)
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Homeostasis
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Dynamic Constancy
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A dynamic, not static process, even though it varies, it is still always within normal ranges.
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Physiological variables can change dramatically over a 24 hour period, but the system is still in overall ____.
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Balance
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What is Negative Feedback?
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System shuts the system off once a set point has been reached.
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What is Positive Feedback?
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Enhances production of a product.
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How does the body maintains homeostasis?
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Through Negative Feedback.
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Efferent is going ____ from The control center.
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AWAY
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Afferent is going ___ the control Center.
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TO
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Positive Feedback
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Brings the condition further from normal, less common than negative feedback.
Ex: Child birth, patching up a blood vessel. |
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What is an example of resetting of homeostatic set points?
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Fever response (Homeostatic control mechanisms still function, but at an increased value)
Daily Rhythm (Set point for body ten is higher during the day than at night). |
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Reflex
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Specific, involuntary, unpremeditated "built in" response to a particular stimulus.
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____ and ____ are the major effectors of biological control systems.
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Muscles & Glands
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Glands may be both a _____ and an _____ center, secreting hormones into the blood that act as effectors.
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Receptor & Integrating
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Hormone
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Target cells are in one or more distant places in the body. Travels through BLOOD.
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Neurotransmitter
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Neuron or effector cell is in close proximity to site of neurotransmitter release. Target cell must be close for diffusion to work.
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Paracrine Substance
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Target cells are in close proximity to site of released paracrine substance. Its 1 cell talking to a surrounding cell.
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Autocrine Substance
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Autocrine substance acts on the same cell that secreted the substance. The cell is talking to its self. (Immune system cells).
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A neuron, endocrine cell, and other cell types may all secrete the same _____ _____.
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Chemical Messengers.
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A neurotransmitter can function as a hormone as a paracrine/autocrine substance.
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TRUE
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Aclimatization
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Improves functioning of an already existing homeostatic system bases on an environmental stress. It is REVERSIBLE.
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Biological Rhythms
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Enable homeostatic mechanisms to be utilized and automatically by activating them at times when a challenge is likely to occur but before it actually does occur.
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Organ Systems are ____.
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Coordinated
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Most physiological functions are controlled by ____ regulatory systems, often working in ____.
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Multiple & Opposition.
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What exchange between cells, tissues, and organs is essential?
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Information exchange!
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Calcium levels in Professor Yung's blood are dropping to dangerously low levels. Thankfully, the hormone PTH is released, and soon blood calcium levels begin to rise. Shortly after, PTH release slows. Is this an example of positive or negative feedback mechanism? What is the initial Stimulus? What is the result?
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- Negative Feedback
- Low calcium Levels - When the hormone is released the calcium levels returned back to normal. |
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The hormone aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions from the lumen of a kidney tubule. Based on your knowledge of the body's cell types, you can surmise that this hormone acts on..?
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Epithelial Cells
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External Environment
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The external side of epithelial barrier.
Ex: Surroundings external to skin, air in lungs, food in stomach, and urine in bladder. |
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Internal Environment
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The immediate environment of most cells.
Ex: Tissue fluid (interstitial Fluid) around cells, and Plasma. |
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Living things are mostly made up of what?
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- Oxygen
- Carbon - Hydrogen - Nitrogen |
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Protons
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-Located in nucleus
-1 Positive charge -1 amu -The number of protons = Atomic # |
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Electrons
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-Orbit around Nucleus
-1 negative charge -0 amu -Number of electrons = # of protons |
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Neutrons
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-Located in the Nucleus
-No Electrical charge -1 amu |
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What equals the Atomic Mass?
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# of protons + # of Neutrons
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Shell 1 needs how many electrons?
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2 electrons
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Shell 2 needs how many electrons?
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8 electrons
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Shell 3 needs how many electrons?
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18 electrons (But only 8 participate in bonding).
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Isotopes
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Atoms of the same element that has different numbers of neutrons. They are often unstable and break down over time releasing energy.
(used for medical diagnosis) |
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Ions
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When an atom gains or loses one or more electrons, it acquires a net electrical charge and becomes this.
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Cations
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Net positive charged ion.
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Anions
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Net negative Charged ion.
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Ions can conduct what?
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Electricity
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When dissolved in water, what are ions called?
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Electrolytes
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Molecules
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When 2 or more atoms are bonded together, and can be represented by their components atoms.
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Chemical Bonds
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Form when electrons transfer from the outer energy shell of one atom to that of another, OR when 2 atoms share electrons.
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Covalent Bond
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Strongest chemical bonds. Electrons are shared, They can be shared equally between atoms, or unequally between atoms.
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Polar covalent
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Electrons are shared unequally, and the compounds tend to dissolve in water.
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Electronegativity
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Measure of an atoms ability to attract electrons in a covalent bond.
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Non-Polar Covalent Bond
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Electrons are equally shared, and tend to not dissolve in water.
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Ionic Bonds
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Involve the transfer of electrons, and tend to dissociate in water as each constituent ion is attractive to the partial charge of water.
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Hydrogen Bonds
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Weak attraction bonds between molecules, but new molecules are NOT formed with these bonds. They play an important role in molecular interaction and in determining the shape of large molecules.
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Ionic Molecules
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Ionization can occur in single atoms and atoms that are covalently linked in molecules.
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Carboxyl Group
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COOH -----> COO- + H+
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Amino Group
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-NH2
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Free Radicles
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Atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons in an outermost shell. They are unstable and highly reactive and tend to steal electrons from other molecules.
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Solute
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Substances dissolved in a liquid.
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Solvent
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Liquid in which solutes are dissolved.
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Solution
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Solutes dissolved in a solvent
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What is the most abundant solvent in the body?
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Water
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High Heat Capacity (Why water is a great Solvent)
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It takes much energy input in the form of heat to change waters temperature.
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High Heat of Vaporization (Why water is a great Solvent)
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It takes much energy input to change water from liquid to a gas.
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Water is a ___ ___.
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Universal Solvent
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Reactivity
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Particles in chemical reactions.
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Molecules with ____ or ___ ____ bonds have an electrical attraction to water molecules.
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Ionic & Polar Covalent
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Hydrophilic
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Able to dissolve in water
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Molecules with ___ ___ bonds are not able to dissolve in water.
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Non-polar Covalent
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Hydrophobic
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Not able to dissolve in water.
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Amphipathic Molecules
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Have a polar or ionized region at one end and a non polar region at the opposite end. They form clusters when mixed with water. (Phospholipid).
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Concentration
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The amount of solute dissolved per liter of solution.
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The molecular weight in grams is what?
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1 Mole
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Acid
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Increase in the H+ in a solution.
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Base
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Decrease in the concentration, It can accept a hydrogen ion.
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pH is..?
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the amount of H+ in a solution.
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What is the normal pH of the blood?
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7.35-7.45
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pH homeostasis is ____!
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Essential
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The Lower the pH, the ____ the H+ Concentration.
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Higher
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Strong Acids
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Nearly completely ionized in solution.
HCl ---> H+ + Cl- |
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Weak Acids
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Incompletely ionize in solution.
H2CO3 -----> H+ + HCO3- <----- |
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Buffers
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Weak acids or bases that can accept or donate H+ to minimize changes in pH.
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On a monday morning a pathologist is conducting an autopsy on a 21 year old college student who had been brought in at 3 am Saturday. According to the parents and friends the young man was in excellent health before his death. Tests reveal that blood pH was 6.9. Did the young man have acidosis/alkalosis? What was the most likely cause of death?
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-Acidosis
-Alcohol Poisoning |
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Biomolecules
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All contain carbon atoms and are organic molecules.
-carbohydrates -lipids -amino acids/ proteins -nucleotides |
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Carbohydrates
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They are a polymer of monosaccharides, and they store energy, give structural support, and cell membrane component.
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Disaccharides are formed from what?
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Dehydration synthesis
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Polysaccharides
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Formed by dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides.
_Glycogen -starch -cellulose |
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Lipids
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Composed primarily of H and C atoms, they are nonpolar covalent bonds, Hydrophobic. They store energy, form membranes, make hormones, and help with intracellular communication.
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What are the classes of Lipids?
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-Fatty Acids
-Triglycerides -Phospholipids -Steroids |
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Eicosaniods
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Motified fatty acids.
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Triglyceride is made up of what?
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Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids
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What make up the majority of lipids in the body?
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Triglycerides.
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What is a fatty acid chain made up of?
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Carbons
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Phospholipids
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Amphipathic (Polar & Nonpolar ends) Molecules.
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Steroids
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Type of Lipid, has a structure of "3 bedrooms & half bath", is NOT water soluble.
-Estrogen -Testosterone -Aldosterone -Cholesterol |
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Proteins
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Polymers of Amino Acids.
20 different kinds of amino acids, the side chains can be polar, non polar, or ionized. Essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet. |
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Primary Structure
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DNA gives instructions for this structure. Just a long DNA chain.
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Tertiary Structure
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It is essential to function.
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What are the functions of Proteins?
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-Structure
-Enzymes -Contraction -Immunity -Regulation -Carrying Oxygen -Hormones |
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Nucleic Acids
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They transfer energy from genetic material. They contain phosphate group(s) and a 5-Carbon carbohydrate, Either Ribose or Deoxyribose. The base contains a carbon-hydrogen ring.
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What are polymers of Nucleotides?
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Nucleic Acids
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What are the bases of DNA genetic code?
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A,T,C,G
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What are the bases of RNA genetic Code?
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A,U,C,G
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What pairs with T in RNA?
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U
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What pairs with T in DNA?
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A
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What pairs with C in DNA & RNA?
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G
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What is the function of the membrane?
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Regulates passage of substances in and out of cells and between cell organelles and cytosol, it detects chemical messengers at the cell surface, links adjacent cells together by membrane junctions, and anchors the cells to the extracellular matrix.
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Tight Junctions
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Found in epithelium. Adjacent cells are fused due to integral proteins called occuluains.
-Intestines |
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Desmosomes
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Filamentous junction between cells, bind together cells for strength and found in tissue with mechanical stress.
-skin -Cardiac muscle cells |
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Gap junctions
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Link cytosol of 2 adjacent cells, the ions and molecules moving between cells acts as a signal, and the communication is direct.
-Cardiac muscle cells |
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Protein Synthesis
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DNA is transcribed in nucleus of mRNA, the the mPNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm, then the mRNA is translated in cytoplasm to proteins.
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Gene
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Portion of DNA with code.
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Triplet
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Nucleotide sequence that codes for particular amino acids.
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What is the Codon of DNA?
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mRNA
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DNA to RNA is called what?
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Transcription
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RNA to Protein is called what?
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Translation
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Post Translation Modification
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The processing and packaging and removal of excess amino acids and addition of chemical groups such as lipids or carbohydrates.
(Happens in the Golgi Apparatus) |
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Protein Secretion
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Most proteins synthesized by a cell remain in the cell, but for secreted proteins, a signal sequence helps direct it to the Rough ER. Proteins may be modified in the Golgi Apparatus.
(Soap Bubbles) |
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A ___ is any molecule or ion that is bound to a protein by electrical attractions or hydrophobic forces between non-polar regions on the 2 molecules.
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Ligand
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Specificity
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Ability of a protein to bind specific ligands. (Car Key).
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Affinity
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The strength of ligand-protein binding; a property of the binding site.
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Assume that both proteins X and Y have been linked with disease in humans. For which protein do you think it would be easier to design therapeutic drugs?
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Protein X because lots of different things will be able to bind to it.
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Saturation
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Fraction of total binding sites that are occupied at a given time.
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Precent saturation depends on..?
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Concentration of the unbound ligand in the solution, and affinity of the binding site for the ligand.
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Allosteric Modulation
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Occurs when a protein has 2 bonding sites, and the binding of a protein to one site alters the shape of the other.
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Covalent Modulation
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Typically involves addition of a phosphate group to change the activity of a protein.
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What is a metabolic pathway formula?
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A + X --> B --> C --> D + Y
Initial Substrate (A+X) Intermediates (B+C) End-Products (D+Y) |
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Hydrolysis
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A-B _H2O --> A-OH + H-B
Water is added. |
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Condensation (Dehydration)
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A-OH + H-B --> A-B +H2O
Removal of water. |
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Phosphorylation reaction
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A + P --> A-P
Protein kinases enzymes that add phosphate groups to proteins. |
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Dephosphorylation Reaction
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A-P --> A + Pi
Protein phosphatase are enzymes that take away a phosphate group from proteins. |
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Oxidation
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LOSS of electrons!
(OIL rig) |
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Reduction
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GAIN of electrons!
(oil RIG) |
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Energy
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The capacity to do work.
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Kinetic Energy
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Energy in motion.
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Potential Energy
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Stored Energy.
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What is the first law of Thermodynamics?
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Energy can neither be created or destroyed.
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What is the second law of thermodynamics?
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Natural Processes tend to spread energy. ( Things tend toward disorder).
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Catabolic Reactions
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Breaks down organic molecules. Releases energy.
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Anabolic Reactions
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Synthesis of organic molecules. Require energy.
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All reactions require a ____ of energy.
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Exchange
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Equilibrium
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Rate of forward and reverse reactions are equal. There is no net change in concentration of products pr reactants.
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At equilibrium, ___ of reactants = ____ of products.
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Energy & Energy
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The energy levels of the product and reactant are equal, but not their _____.
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Concentrations
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Law of Mass action
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An increase in the concentration of Reactants tends to push a reaction forward. An increase in the concentration of products tends to push a reaction in reverse.
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Activation Energy
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Transition state is higher than either reactants or products, it comes from molecules colliding with each other at the right orientation, and limits how fast a reaction can go.
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What affects retain rates?
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-Concentration of reactant & Product
-Increase/decrease of temperature -Hight of activation energy barrier |
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Enzymes
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Proteins that function as catalysis for reactions in biological systems. They function by DECREASING activation energy for a specific chemical reaction.
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Cofactors
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Trace metals (Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe). Allows substrate to bind to active site.
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Coenzymes
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Organic molecules derived from vitamins. Transfer small chemical groups.
FAD + 2 H --> FADH2 NAD+ + 2 H --> NADH + H+ CoA Picks up acetyl groups |
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Vitamins are often the ___ of coenzymes.
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Precursors
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FAD & NADH are what?
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Nucleic Acids
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Other factors affecting enzyme rates include enzyme ___, ___ of enzyme to substrate ___ concentration.
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Concentration & Affinity & Salt
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Denaturation
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Enzyme shape changes due to a super temp. change or a pH too low or high.
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What prevents the enzyme from working?
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Inhibitors
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Competitive Inhibitors
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Something that takes its place & causes no reaction.
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Noncompetitive inhibitor
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Inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme.
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What makes the enzyme have a greater affinity? (Speed up)
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-Site of covalent activation
-Sites of allosteric Activation |
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What makes the enzyme have a lower affinity? (Slow down)
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-Sites of allosteric inhibition
-Sites of covalent inhibition |
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Feedback Inhibition
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Intermediate product allosterically inhibits an enzyme that catalyzes an earlier reaction in the same pathway.
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Allosteric
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Doesn't fit into active site, and enters at a different spot. Its Negative feedback!
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What is the Oxidation of glucose equation?
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C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
Glucose to CO2 is Oxidation O2 to H2O is Reduciton |
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Energy is trapped in the form of ___.
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ATP
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Substrate-level Phosphorylation
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X-P + ADP --> X + ATP
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Oxidation Phosphorylation
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ADP + Pi --> ATP
BEST way to make ATP via Chemiosmosis in the ETC) |
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What are the 3 steps of Glucose Oxidation?
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1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation) |
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Glycolysis
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Glucose is converted into 2 molecules of Pyruvate, and 4 ATP are made by Substrate-Level Phosphorylation. 2 ATP are required to get glycolysis to get going so only 2 ATP are produced. 2 NAD+ are reduced to NADH which will go to the ETC. This Process occurs in the Cytoplasm. No O2 is required. No CO2 is produced.
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What linking step occurs between glycolysis and Krebs Cycle?
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Pyruvate gets turned into Acetyl CoA so the Krebs Cycle can use it.
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Krebs Cycle
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Occurs in the Mitochondrial matrix (Inner most Part), 1 ATP made by substrate-level phosphorylation. 2 CO2 Made, 3 NADH & 1 FADH2 made. O2 IS required, but not directly in the cycle.
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There are ___ turns in the Kreb cycle for every ____ molecule, as 2 pyruvates are formed at the end of glycolysis.
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2 & Glucose
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Electron Transport Chain
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Moves from a low H+ Concentration to a high H+ Concentration through the cell membrane (Protein gradient). Can only get through the membrane through a protein called ATP Synthase. Energy decreases down the chain. IT occurs in the inner mitochondrial wall. Makes 36 ATP by Oxidative Phosphorylation of NADH + FADH2.
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Fermentation
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Low energy availability, so the ETC backs up and the Krebs Cycle stops. Glycolysis can continue only is NADH is oxidized. Some muscles can operate in low O2 levels. ATP production becomes inefficient. When O2 levels return, Lactate is converted back to Pyruvate & Oxidative Phosphorylation resumes. ONLY MUSCLE CELLS CAN DO THIS.
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What else can the body use for energy?
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-Other carbs.
-Lipids -Proteins |
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Glycogen Metabolism
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Liver (and kidney) glycogen stores provide glucose for other cells (via Blood). other tissues can NOT.
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Gluconeogenesis
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Synthesis of new glucose. The substrates are Glycerol, lactate, or amino a kids. It occurs in the liver and kinda the kidney. Fatty acid can NOT be converted to glucose, but glucose can be to fat.
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Fat typically accounts for approximately ___ % of the energy stored in the body.
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80
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Lipid Catabolism
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When fats are broken down, Ketones are generated s a product, and Ketones are strong Metabolic acids.
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Most energy is stored in ___!
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Triglycerides (Fats), which are stored in adipose cells= adipose tissue.
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Lipids had greater ____ per weight than Carbs or proteins.
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Energy
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Proteolysis
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Proteins to amino acids. A type of Hydrolysis reaction so it requires water.
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Deamination
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Amino acids to leto acid + NH3... Ammonia is toxic, so liver cells rapidly convert it to urea.
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Body has about 50 ___ that your body has to have but either cant make them at all or not sufficient amounts.
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Nutrients
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Simple Diffusion
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The movement of molecules from one location to another as a result of thermal motion. Net Flux is always greater from regions of greater concentration to regions of lower concentration.
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____ concentration gradient causes flux toward the other side.
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Large
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____ concentration gradient causes decrease flux toward the other side.
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Smaller
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____ concentrations on each side yields net flux of 0.
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Equal
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Flux
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Number of molecules that cross the membrane in a given length of time. Expressed by Mol/Sec.
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The ____ concentration gradient the faster the FLux.
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Higher
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The ___ concentration gradient the slower the Flux.
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Lower
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Diffusion times ____ in proportion to the square distance over which the molecules diffuse.
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Increase (Diffusion is limited by distance)
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What do cell membranes do?
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They separate material and allow material exchange between the intracellular fluid, and the extracellular fluid.
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Why is transport across the membrane important?
|
Obtaining O2 and nutrients, and getting rid of waste products.
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Passive Transport
|
Its spontaneous, no energy is required, has a downhill movement, and there are 3 types.
-Simple diffusion -Facilitated Diffusion -Diffusion through channels. |
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Membranes act as what?
|
Hydrophobic interior lipid bilayer barrier that slows the diffusion of molecules.
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What can get by on simple diffusion across the membrane?
|
-O2, CO2, N2
-Small, uncharged polar particles |
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Channels
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Transmembrane proteins act as a pathway or pore for a specific substance to pass through.
|
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Membrane Potential
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The separation of electrical charges that exist across the plasma membrane. (inside is -, and outside is +). It provides an electrical force that influences the movement of ions across a membrane.
|
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What are the 3 types of Gated channels?
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-Ligand Gated
-Voltage Gated -Mechanically Gated |
|
Leakage channel
|
Allows for the SLOW diffusion of ions.
|
|
Ligand Gated Channel
|
Opened by attachment (Neurotransmitter)
|
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Voltage Gated Channel
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A charge change on the inside or outside causes it to open.
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Mechanically Gated Channel
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Open by a mechanical imperfection (Sensory Neurons)
|
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Passive transport through a carrier, molecules move down gradients. Contain a transmembrane protein that has a binding site for specific particles, binding occurs 1 site at a time, and there are random conformational changes.
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Liver cells are able to convert glycogen to glucose, thereby making the intracellular concentration of glucose higher than the extracellular concentration. What do you think happens to facilitated diffusion of glucose when this occurs?
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It goes from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid, via facilitated diffusion.
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Active Transport
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Its nonspontanious and requires ATP, involves a pump, and moves up a electrochemical gradient!
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Primary Active Transport
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Energy used is ATP to directly transport substances, helps establish resting membrane potential.
Ex: Sodium/Potassium Pump |
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Secondary Active Transport
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Energy is released from ion diffusion, it drives a pump, and results from previous active transport of an ion.
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Cotransport (Secondary Active Transport)
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-Sodium linked glucose pump
The secondary active transport of glucose, allows the diffusion of Na to provide energy, then the pump actively transports glucose. |
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Cotransporters (Symporters)
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Move molecules in the same directions.
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Countertransporters (Antiporters)
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Move molecules in opposite directions.
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Osmosis
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The net diffusion of water across a membrane. Its always passive, unaffected by membrane potentials, driven by water gradient, and facilitated by channel proteins called aquaporins.
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Water always move from a ____ water concentration to a ____ water concentration.
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High & Low
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Osmolarity
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The total concentration of permeant and impermeant solutes.
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Milliosmole (mOsm)
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ICF & ECF is around 300 mOsm, 1 liter of solution containing .1 moles of glucose is 0.1 osmolar. But 1 liter containing .1 moles of NaCl is 0.2 osmolar.
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Iso-osmotic
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2 solutions have the same osmolarity. 300 mOsm (Permeant & Impermeant)
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Hyper-osmotic
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A solution whose osmolarity is higher than another. Greater then 300 mOsm. (Permeant & Impermeant)
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Hypo-Osmotic
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A solution whose osmolarity is lower than another. Less than 300 mOsm. (Permeant & Impermeant)
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If you have a 200 mM solution of KCl, calculate the osmolarity, and determine if it is hypo, iso, or hyper osmotic compared to body fluids.
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There would be a total 400 mOsm KCl solution, so it will be HYPERosmotic.
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Tonicity
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Water gradient across membrane, due solely to impermeable solutes, and depends on not only concentration, but also on the nature of the solutes. The concentration of impermebable solutes relative to intracellular fluid.
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Water move from a ___ solute concentration, to a ___ solute concentration!
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Low & High
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Isotonic
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No change in cell volume. 300 mOsm. (Impermeant) Used when talking about water movement.
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Hypotonic
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The cell swells. Less than 300 mOsm. (Impermeant) Used when talking about water movement.
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Hypertonic
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The cell shrinks. More than 300 mOsm. (Impermeant) Used when talking about water movement.
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You have a patient who lost 1 liter of blood, and you need to restore blood volume quickly while waiting for a blood transfusion. Which would be better to administer: 5% dextrose (Permeant) in water or 0.9% NaCl (Nonpermeant) ?
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0.9% NaCl, you don't want water to go into the cell, you want fluid to stay in the extracellular fluid. NaCl can NOT go into the cell.
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Endocytosis
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Brings stuff into the cell.
-Pinocytosis (Cell drinking) -Phagocytosis (Bacteria drinking) -Receptor-mediated Endocytosis |
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Exocytosis
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Brings stuff out of the cell. Adds components to the plasma membrane, recycles receptors removed from plasma membrane, and secrets specific substances out of the cell.
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What makes Endocytosis/Exocytosis different from diffusion?
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The membrane bound sac it travels in.
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Epithelial Transport
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Through cell, inters through Apical Membrane (Lumen, cilia) then exits through Basolateral Membrane (Interstitial Fluid).
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Can active transport and facilitated diffusion of Glucose occur at the same time?
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Yes
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Epithelium Solute Transport
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Solutes are pumped into interstitial fluid, osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid increases, water is osmotically pulled across the cell, then water is transferred from the lumen to interstitial fluid.
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Thick respiratory mucus, it is a defect in the transport mechanism.
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Transport of Macromolecules
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Molecules are transported across the cell, involves endocytosis/exocytosis.
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