Physiology Endocrine

Front 1

Endocrine

Back 1

- organ, tissue or cell secrete
- ECF, circulatory system
- target cells through receptors
- very small amounts, cell magnifies effects
- effect is target cel mediated
- insulin, growth hormones, estrogen, TH

Front 2

Endocrine Organs

Back 2

- pituitary
- pineal gland
- thyroid
- thymus
- adrenal
- pancreas
- ovaries
- testes

Front 3

Exocrine

Back 3

- gland
- outside of body or duct or cavity that is open to the outside
- no target cells or receptors
- large amounts secreted
- regional effects
- saliva, sweat, milk, digestive enzymes

Front 4

Endocrine Tissues

Back 4

- Endocrine cells in non-endocrine organs
- hypothalamus
- heart
- kidney
- tissue
- small intestine

Front 5

Paracrine

Back 5

- secretion has effect on neighboring cell

Front 6

Autocrine

Back 6

- secretion has effect on cell or tissue that secretes it

Front 7

Steps of Peptide Hormone Synthesis

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- 1) Nucleus DNA --> mRNA
- 2) Ribosome mRNA --> pre-pro-hormone
- 3) ER Pro-hormone (signal peptide removed)
- 4) Golgi --> hormone (glycosylation, phosphorylation)
- 5) Secretory vesicles --> hormone

Front 8

Membrane Bound Receptors

Back 8

- 1) Channel linked
- 2) Enzyme linked
- 3) G Protein linked

Front 9

Where and how does a hydrophobic hormone effect its actions?

Back 9

- diffuses through cell membrane and binds to receptor
- either in nucleus or complex travels to nucleus
- binds to regulatory sequence of DNA
- effect: turns on or off the target gene

Front 10

Second Messengers of G protein linked Receptors

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- 1) cAMP/cGMP
- 2) DAG + IP3
- 3) Ca - Calmodulin

Front 11

What are the target proteins in general?

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- 1) metabolic enzymes
- 2) gene regulatory proteins
- 3) cytoskeletal proteins that alter the shape of the cell or movement

Front 12

Autocrine Signalling

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- group of identical cells produce a high cocentration of a secreted signal, that binds back to a receptor on the same cell type --> coordination

Front 13

Signal Amplification

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- one messenger --> several G proteins --> each one activates adenylate cyclase --> each generates 100's of cAMP --> each cAMP activates a PKA --> each PKA --> P hundreds of proteins

Front 14

Water Soluble

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- peptides, proteins, catecholamines
- travels free in plasma
- short half life
- storage as pro-hormones in vesicles
- receptor in or on cell membrane
- act through 2nd messengers

Front 15

Lipid Soluble

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- more intimate
- steroid, thyroid hormones
-

Front 16

G Protein a- subunit

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- GDP --> inactive
- GTP --> active

Front 17

Adenylate Cyclase mechanism

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- 1) a releases GDP, binds GTP
- Gas*--> stimulates adenylate cyclase
- Gai* --> inhibits adenylate cyclase
- 2) intrinsic GTPase --> GTP --> GDP
- 3) adenylate cyclase* ATP --> cAMP
- 4) cAMP --> PKA*
- 5) PKA --> P proteins

Front 18

Hormones of Hypothalamus

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- 1) Thyrotropin Releasing Horomone (TRH)
- 2) Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
- 3) Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
- 4) Somatotropin release Inhibiting Hormone (Stomatostatin)(SIRF)
- 5) Prolactin- inhibiting Factor (PIF) --> Dopamine

Front 19

Anterior Pituitary

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- 1) TSH
- 2) FSH
- 3) LH
- 4) GH
- 5) Prolactin
- 6) ACTH
- 7) Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH ?)

Front 20

Posterior Pituitary

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- 1) Oxytocin
- 2) ADH

Front 21

Thyroid Gland

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- T4 --> L- thyroxine
- T3 --> Triiodothyronine

Front 22

Parathyroid

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- PTH

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Pancreas

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- Insulin
- Glucagon

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Adrenal Medulla

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- NE
- Epinephrine

Front 25

Kidney

Back 25

- Renin
- 1,25- Dihydroxycholecalciferol

Front 26

Adrenal Cortex

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- Cortisol
- Aldosterone
-

Front 27

Adenylyl Cyclase

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- cAMP/cGMP
- Protein Kinase A

Front 28

Phospholipase C

Back 28

- DAG + IP3
- Protein Kinase C

Front 29

Ca- Calmodulin

Back 29

- CaM-Kinase

Front 30

Enzyme linked receptors

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- single pass transmembrane proteins
- ligand binding outside --> catalytic site inside
- most are tyrosine kinases

Front 31

G Protein a- subunit

Back 31

- GDP --> inactive
- GTP --> active

Front 32

Adenylate Cyclase mechanism

Back 32

- 1) a releases GDP, binds GTP
- Gas*--> stimulates adenylate cyclase
- Gai* --> inhibits adenylate cyclase
- 2) intrinsic GTPase --> GTP --> GDP
- 3) adenylate cyclase* ATP --> cAMP
- 4) cAMP --> PKA*
- 5) PKA --> P proteins

Front 33

Hormones of Hypothalamus

Back 33

- 1) Thyrotropin Releasing Horomone (TRH)
- 2) Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
- 3) Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
- 4) Somatotropin release Inhibiting Hormone (Stomatostatin)(SIRF)
- 5) Prolactin- inhibiting Factor (PIF) --> Dopamine

Front 34

Anterior Pituitary

Back 34

- 1) TSH
- 2) FSH
- 3) LH
- 4) GH
- 5) Prolactin
- 6) ACTH
- 7) Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH ?)

Front 35

Posterior Pituitary

Back 35

- 1) Oxytocin
- 2) ADH

Front 36

Thyroid Gland

Back 36

- T4 --> L- thyroxine
- T3 --> Triiodothyronine

Front 37

Parathyroid

Back 37

- PTH

Front 38

Pancreas

Back 38

- Insulin
- Glucagon

Front 39

Adrenal Medulla

Back 39

- NE
- Epinephrine

Front 40

Kidney

Back 40

- Renin
- 1,25- Dihydroxycholecalciferol

Front 41

Adrenal Cortex

Back 41

- Cortisol
- Aldosterone
-

Front 42

Adenylyl Cyclase

Back 42

- cAMP/cGMP
- Protein Kinase A

Front 43

Phospholipase C

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- DAG + IP3
- Protein Kinase C

Front 44

Ca- Calmodulin

Back 44

- CaM-Kinase

Front 45

Enzyme linked receptors

Back 45

- single pass transmembrane proteins
- ligand binding outside --> catalytic site inside
- most are tyrosine kinases