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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ventilation
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The rate at which gas enters or leaves the lung
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Alveolar Ventilation Volume
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The volume of fresh air that enters the alveoli with each respiratory cycle
(Va) |
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Alveolar MInute Ventilation Volume
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The volume fo fresh air that enters the alveoli each minute
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Tidal Volume
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The volume of air moved in one ventilatory cycle
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Dead space
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Air that does not participate in gas exchange
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What are the two components of dead space?
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Anatomical dead space:
- Volume of trachea and bronchi Alveolar dead space: - Volume of alveoli that are not perfused |
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Lung Compliance
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How easily the lungs stretch during inhalation
* surface tension in alveolar fluid lowers compliance |
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Surfactants
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Reduces surface tension by disrupting the cohesive forces between water molecules
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In humans, when does surfactant synthesis begin?
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Late gestation
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What affects airways airway resistance?
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Airway diameter
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Parasympathetic nerve stimulation causes __________?
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Bronchoconstriction
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Sympathetic nerve stimulation causes __________?
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Bronchodilation
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What determines diffusion rate?
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To maximize respiratory surfaces must be thin with a large surface area and diffusion coefficient, area of the membrane, and energy gradients are large.
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Describe fluid flow using boyle's law?
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P1V1=P2V2
Fluid flows from area of high pressure to low pressure |
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Describe the ventilatory cycle in a bird
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Inspiration 1: Fresh air flows to posterior air sacs
Exhalation 1: Air moves from posterior air sac to the lungs Inhalation 2: Air moves from lungs to anterior air sacs Exhalation 2: Air from anterior sacs move out of body via the trachea |
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Explain general structure of mammalian lungs
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Trachea branches of into two primary bronchi
Primary bronchi branch off into secondary bronchioles Bronchioles terminate at alveoli Each lung surrounded by pleural sacs that consist of two layer with the pleural space between them. The negative pressure of this space keeps the lungs expanded. |
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How are inhalation and exhalation initiated?
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Motor neurons stimulate inspiratory muscles
Nerve stimulation of inspiratory muscles stops and muscles relax |
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How is oxygen transported in blood?
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Metalloproteins reversibly bind oxygen and increase oxygen carrying capacity 50-fold
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What is hemoglobin and its function?
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A globin protein bound to a heme molecule
It transports and stores oxygen |
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What can affect oxygen affinity?
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pH and PCO2, Temperature, and organic modulators
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How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?
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Small amounts transported in the plasma
Some binds to proteins Most is transported as a bicarbonate |
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Where does CO2 diffuse out of blood?
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At respiratory surfaces
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How is ventilation regulated?
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Rhythmic firing of central pattern generators initiate ventilatory movements
Chemoreceptors detect changes in CO2, H+, and O2 Chemosensory input modulates output of central pattern generators |
