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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is GnRH secreted?
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Hypothalamus
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GnRH stimulates the secretion of _____ in the ______
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FSH and LH in the anterior pituitary
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____ hormone binding on leydig cells lead to the production of _________
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LH, testosterone
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________ hormone binding onto sertoli cells leads to the productions of _________
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FSH, sperm
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Circulating androgens/testosterone can be converted to _________ by 5 reductase and to _________ by _________
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dihydrostestosterone, B Estradiol, Aromatase
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Effects of testosterone
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Induces male secondary sex characteristics, opposes estrogen/breat tissue, differentiation of accessory organs, inhibits LH secretion, bone growth, protein anabolism, erythropoiten by kidneys
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Blood testis barrier?
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ring of tightly connected sertoli cells keeps spermatogonia close to the basal compartment near sertoli cells.
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Sertoli cell functions
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Nourish developing sperm, secrete luminal fluid, secrete androgen binding protein, stimulated by testosterone and FSH to secrete paracrine agents that stimulate sperm, secrete protein inhibin, inhibits FSH, paracrine agents influence leydig cells, phagotiytize defective sperm, secrete MIS
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Sperm motility is acquired where?
Where are sperm stored? |
In the epididymis.
In the epididymis and the vas deferens until ejaculation |
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Erection is stimulated by?
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Mechanical receptors in the penis & activity in descending neural pathways from brain
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Erection stimuli lead to a decrease in ______ and an increase in ______ and ________
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norepinephrine, nitric oxide, cGMP
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Ejaculation: caused by an increase in ________
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sympathetic activity
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Seminal vesicle secretions contain...
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fructose, citric acid and other nutrient substances, prostaglandins and fibrinogen --> nutrients, prostaglandins make female cervical mucus
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prostate secretions contain...
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ca+, citrate ion, phosphate ion, a clotting enzyme and profibinolysin and are alkaline
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Why is the alkalinity and clotting enzymes of prostate secretions important?
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The alkalinity helps to neutralize acid from vas deferns and vaginal secretions, clotting enzyme cleaves fibrinogen and forms weak coagulum that hops sperm in deeper regions of vagina near cervix
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Anabolic steroid side effects
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negative impact on circulatory, elevated LDL cholesterol, increased aggression, negative effects on liver, brain function
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Anabolic steroid direct effect
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decreased GnRH and LH directly, FSH because of decreased GnRH, decreased tesosterone, decreased spermatogenesis and fertility
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At 7 months gestation, female have _________ with _______ chromosomes and ___________ chromatids
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Primary oocytes, 46, 2
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At puberty, women produce __________ with ________ chromosomes and _________ chromatids
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secondary oocytes, 23, 2
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A fertilized ovum has _________ chromosomes and ___________ chromatids per chromosome
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46, 23 from each parent, 1 chromatid
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5 stages of a follicle
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primordial follicle, primary follicle, preantral follicle, early antral follicle, mature follicle
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Menstruation phases: Days 1-7
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10 - 25 follicles develop
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Menstruation phases: Day 7
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Dominant follicle selected
Increase in estrogen inhibits secretion of FSH by anterior pituitary, Dominant follicle has more sensitive granulosa cells to low FSH and has receptors for LH |
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Menstruation phases: Day 7-14
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Dominant follicle matures
Estrogen levels increase as theca cells and granulosa cells proliferate |
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Menstruation phases: Day 14
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Ovulation occurs
Granulosa cells make inhibin that inhibits FSH |
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Menstruation phases: Day 14-25
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Corpus luteum functions
Egg has first mieotic division because of LH surge. High progesterone and estrogen secretion inhibits FSH and LH |
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Menstruation phases: Day 25-28
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Corpus luteum degenerates
prgesterone and estrogen decrease, FSH and LH no longer inhibited begin to increase |
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LH surge triggers
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granulosa cells decrease estrogen and increase progesterone, enzymes and prostaglandin from granulosa cells break down follicular ovarian membrane and weakened membranes rupture, oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells are released
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A oocyte that has undergone ovulation is a _______ and has __________chromosomes and _________chromatids
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secondary oocyte, 23 chromosomes, 2 chromatids
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what stimulates the LH surge?
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As Granulosa cells continue to secrete estrogen, they secrete inhibin, inhibiting FSH, estrogen increase is positive feedback loop on anterior pituitary for LH and on hypothalamus on GnRH and increase LH secretion.
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What inhibits FSH and LH during luteal phase?
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LH surge stimulates corpus luteum, in turn, corpus luteam secretes large amounts of estrogen and progesterone that have negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
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Uterine changes during menstrual phase
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smooth muscle contracts by prostaglandins in endometrial cells, arterioles dilate, capillaries rupture and endometrium degenerates
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Uterine changes during proliferative phase day 3-14
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estrogen stimulates increase in endometrium, myometrium(smooth muscle) grows, progesterone receptors on endometrial cells are synthesized
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Secretory phase day 14-28
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Mediated by progesterone, endometrial cells fill with glycogen, increased blood flow, increase of enzymes, smooth muscle contractions inhibited by progesterone
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What hormone should be measured to see if ovulation has occured?
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Progesterone
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How does birth control work?
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Progesterone inhibits LH surge and thus ovulation, Estrogen enhances progesterone and thicken cervical mucus, inhibits endometrail lining development
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How do abortificants work?
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Anti progestins bind and inhibit progesterone binding, without progesterone, endometrial lining sloughs off like end of cycle
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What is capacitation?
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In female tract, the ability to fertilize egg is caused by secretions that alter tail movement and plasma membrane so it can fuse with egg.
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Phases of fertilized ovum
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Zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, implantation
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BLastocyst contains?
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Trophoblast-secretes hCG, inner cell mass-embryo, blastocoele-fluid filled cavity.
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Trophoblast cells do what to the uterine lining?
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Secrete paracrines that alter endometrial cells and increase the # of cappilaries
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Endoderm forms?
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liver, pancreas, GI tract
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Mesoderm forms?
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Heart, blood vessels, bone, muscle, kidneys
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Ectoderm forms?
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nervous system, sensory organs, skin and hair
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What happens during gastrulation?
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growth factors cause cells to migrate and turn on specific genes to become specific types of cells, migration
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During the first 3 months, what is the source of estrogen and progesterone?
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COrpus luteum
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During the last 6 months, what is the source of estrogen and progesterone?
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Placenta
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The trophoblast develops into a _____ after fertilization
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Chorion
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Umbilical arteries carry ___________ and umbilical veins carry ___________
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deoxygenated blood, oxygenated blood
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Placenta = _____ + ______
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chorion from fetus + endometrium from mother at 3 weeks
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signals for partuation come from _______
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CRH and ACTH through cortisol and DHEA, DHEA is converted to estrogen by placenta, Cortisol stimulates fetal lung development
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At 30 weeks, estrogen increases faster than progesterone which leads to
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increased contractions of uterine muscle, increased gap junction with coordinated contractions, cervix becomes soft and flexible due to prostaglandin, increased oxytocin receptors, placenta secretes relaxin
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Oxytocin does what?
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milk ejection
secreted by posterior pituitary |
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Prolactin does what?
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Milk synthesis
secreted by anterior pituitary |
