Physiology 5 - Cardiovascular

Front 1

____ carries blood away from the heart.

Back 1

Arteries

Front 2

____ carry blood to the heart.

Back 2

veins

Front 3

What are the receiving chambers?

Back 3

atria

Front 4

What are the pumping chambers?

Back 4

ventricles

Front 5

Arteries are under ____ pressure, veins are under ____ pressure, and capillaries are under ____ resistance.

Back 5

high
low
high

Front 6

What is the path of pulmonary circulation?

Back 6

deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

Front 7

What is the path of systemic circulation?

Back 7

oxygenated blood from heart to body
deoxygenated blood from body to heart

Front 8

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart on the ____ side of the heart from the ___, which comes from the ____.

Back 8

right
systemic veins
body

Front 9

Oxygenated blood enters the heart on the ____ side of the heart from the ___, which comes from the ____.

Back 9

left
pulmonary veins
lungs

Front 10

Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart on the ____ side of the heart, go through the ___, which goes to the ____.

Back 10

right
pulmonary arteries
lungs

Front 11

Oxygenated blood leaves the heart on the ____ side of the heart, go through the ___ arteries, which goes to the ____.

Back 11

left
systemic
body

Front 12

Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood?

Back 12

pulmonary

Front 13

Which arteries carry oxygenated blood?

Back 13

systemic

Front 14

Which ventricle must generate more pressure, and why?

Back 14

left
because it must pump blood to the entire body instead of just the lungs

Front 15

Veins from the upper part of the body form the ____ when blood returns to the heart?

Back 15

superior venae cavae

Front 16

Veins from the lower part of the body form the ____ when blood returns to the heart?

Back 16

inferior venae cavae

Front 17

Where do the venae cavaes empty into?

Back 17

right atrium

Front 18

Oxygenated blood is pumped out of the left ventricle into the ___ which is part of ____.

Back 18

aorta
systemic circulation

Front 19

Where does the aorta first branch to?

Back 19

coronary arteries

Front 20

Coronary veins empty into the ____ via the ____.

Back 20

right atria
coronary sinus

Front 21

A myocardial infarction results from a blockage where? What is a myocardial infarction?

Back 21

in the coronary arteries
heart attack

Front 22

Plaque deposits on coronary artery walls is called ____.

Back 22

atherosclerosis

Front 23

What are the valves between the atrias and ventricles called?

Back 23

Atrioventricular valves

Front 24

Which atrioventriclular valve is on the right?

Back 24

tricuspid

Front 25

Which atrioventriclular valve is on the left?

Back 25

mitral/bicuspid

Front 26

What are valves between the ventricles and arteries called?

Back 26

semilunar valves

Front 27

Which valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?

Back 27

pulmonary valve

Front 28

Which valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta?

Back 28

aortic vavle

Front 29

Cardiac muscle has ___ blood vessels and mitochondria than skeletal.

Back 29

more

Front 30

Cardiac muscle has ____ nuclei that skeletal muscle.

Back 30

fewer

Front 31

What structures anchor cardiac muscle cells?

Back 31

intercalated disks

Front 32

What allows for electrical signals to pass from cell to cell?

Back 32

gap junctions

Front 33

What is the primary pacemake?

Back 33

Sinoatrial node

Front 34

Where does heart contraction begin?

Back 34

from the apex (bottom) of the heart

Front 35

How and where does electrical activity of the heart begin?

Back 35

depolariazation of the SA node

Front 36

What is the electrical pathway of the heart?

Back 36

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His (AV bundle)
Bundle branches
Perkinje Fibers

Front 37

If the primary pacemaker fails, what takes over? What takes over if it fails?

Back 37

AV node
Ventricular autorhythmic cells

Front 38

The heart can contract without the nervous system, what is the term for this?

Back 38

myogenic

Front 39

Which cardiac cells are responsible for force generation?

Back 39

contractile cells

Front 40

Which cardiac cells make up the bulk of heart cells, which are the least?

Back 40

contractile cells
pacemaker/conductile cells

Front 41

Which cardiac cells have a stable resting membrane potential and have a long lasting action potential?

Back 41

contractile cells

Front 42

Pacemaker cells have an ____ membrane potential at around ____ mv.

Back 42

unstable
-60

Front 43

Pacemaker cell AP is called ____.

Back 43

pacemaker potential

Front 44

T-type Ca2+ channels are ___ and L-type Ca2+ channels are ___ in duration.

Back 44

short
long

Front 45

When T-type channels are open so are ____ channels.

Back 45

funny

Front 46

What activates funny channels?

Back 46

hyperpolarization

Front 47

What are the four types of channels involved in generation of pacemaker potential, and in what order do they open?

Back 47

K+ and Na+ permeable membrane channels/If
Ca2+ T-type
Ca2+ L-type
slow K+ channels

Front 48

____ and ____ are bad for cardiac muscle and will stop bloodflow.

Back 48

tetany
summation

Front 49

How are contractile muscle cells excited in the heart?

Back 49

APs from the pacemaker cells (pacemaker potentials)

Front 50

In myocardial CONTRACTILE tissue, what closes in response to depolarization? This would mean that these channels are ____ at rest.

Back 50

V-gated K+ channels
open

Front 51

Why is AP in cardiac contractile cells longer?

Back 51

due to Ca2+ influx into the cell

Front 52

Longer AP in cardiac contractile cells prevents ____ and ____.

Back 52

tetany
fatigue

Front 53

What does P represent in terms of polarization?

Back 53

atrial depolarization

Front 54

What does QRS represent in terms of polarization?

Back 54

progressive ventricular depolarization

Front 55

What does T represent in terms of polarization and the PQRST complex?

Back 55

repolarization of the ventricles

Front 56

Where does atrial repolarization occur?

Back 56

hidden within the QRS complex

Front 57

Systole is ____ which is represent from ____ to ____ on the graph.

Back 57

contraction
Q to T

Front 58

Diastole is ____ which is represent from ____ to ____ on the graph.

Back 58

relaxation
T to Q

Front 59

Stroke volume is ____ - ____ and it's unit is what?

Back 59

EDV - ESV (high - low number)
mL/beat

Front 60

P-R is ____ contraction.

Back 60

atrial contraction

Front 61

Q-T is ____ contraction.

Back 61

ventricular

Front 62

When a part of the heart is depolarized it will then ____.

Back 62

contract

Front 63

What are the four phases of the cardiac cycle? (hint:four sides of toast)

Back 63

Ventricular filling
Isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation

Front 64

The amount of blood that collects in the ventricle is called ____.

Back 64

EDV

Front 65

The amount of blood that remains after ventriclular contraction is called ____.

Back 65

ESV

Front 66

____ = SV/EDV

Back 66

ejection fraction

Front 67

The ANS can alter which portion of CO = SV x HR?

Back 67

HR

Front 68

Which cells are innervated by both para and sympathetic nerve fibers?

Back 68

pacemaker

Front 69

Which cells are innervated only by sympathetic nerve fibers?

Back 69

contractile

Front 70

What is stroke volume altered by?

Back 70

contractility
preload
afterload

Front 71

What receptor does the sympathetic system release of NE act mainly on?

Back 71

Beta1-adrenergic

Front 72

What happens to the channels when NE/E bind to the Beta1-adrenergic receptors? Is this sympathetic or parasympathetic in nature?

Back 72

If and Ca2+ channels remain open longer
this speeds up the rate of Na+ entry at the funny channels and Ca2+ at the T-type channel
causes quicker depolarization and higher contractility
sympathetic

Front 73

What receptor does the parasympathetic system release of ACh act mainly on?

Back 73

muscarinic

Front 74

How does the parasympathetic system decrease the heart rate?

Back 74

increases K+ permeability causeing hyperpolarization
decreases Ca2+ permeability
together these two things make depolarization more difficult

Front 75

Which ANS system is the dominant influence on the heart? What is this called and what does it do?

Back 75

parasympathetic
vagal tone
reduces HR by ~25bpm

Front 76

In basic terms, how does the binding of NE or E to Beta1-adrenergic receptors increase SV?

Back 76

Activates protein kinase, increases Ca2+ influx from ECF, Ca2+ in and outflux from SR.
All this equals more Ca2+ for more crossbridge cycling

Front 77

What is preload?

Back 77

the amount of blood returning to the heart from the veins

Front 78

What is the most important factor affecting venous return?

Back 78

central venous pressure

Front 79

When would more blood flow into the atria? What would this do to preload?

Back 79

when the central venous pressure increase
(vasoconstriction)
it would increase preload

Front 80

What is Starlings Law?

Back 80

If venous return increases, the heart automatically adjusts outflow to match.
or
increase EDV, increase SV

Front 81

Anytime the heart has increased cell Ca2+ influx, the HR will go ____.

Back 81

up

Front 82

When are heart muscles cells operating at their optimal length?

Back 82

when they are stretched

Front 83

What happens to SV and ESV if there is increased blood left in the ventricles after contraction? Why?

Back 83

ESV goes up
SV goes down
if there is more blood left in the ventricle, it means less blood pumped out causing SV to be lower

Front 84

What reduces the ability of the ventricles to eject blood?

Back 84

arterial hypertension

Front 85

What happens if afterload is reduced?

Back 85

SV goes down