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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Internal matrix of a cell (semisolid/semifluid) that contains proteins, carbs, lipids, etc.. supports life
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Protoplasm
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Control center of the cell - has genetic material that contols what a cell does
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Nucleus
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Similar to DNA chemically but is more of a photocopy of DNA - gives directions to the cell without damaging the DNA
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
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Chemical that forms the genetic material - acts as the master blue print of a cell
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Deoxyribuonucleic acid (DNA)
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Organelle inside the nucleus - contains raw RNA - storage area for RNA
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Nucleolus
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Protoplasm found between nuclear membrane and cell membrane 70-80% water lipid
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Cytoplasm
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Small pieces of RNA granules - serve as templates/molds for formation of protein synthesis
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Ribosome
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Menbranous channel system that connects various parts of the cell, transports material to the cell, produces lipids, carbs and proteins - things can be synthesised here
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Ribosomes stud the surface, site of a lot of protein synthesis
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Rough ER
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Place where protein isn't synthesises
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Smooth ER
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Makes vesicles that contain chemicals that have to be kept quaranteened
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Golgi apparatus
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Digestive system of a cell - acid in nature
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Lysosomes
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Vescicles that are produced by golgi apparatus - contain enzymes that are produced by endoplasmic reticulum
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Lysosomes and peroxisomes
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Contains peroxide and acts as antibacteria
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Peroxisomes
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Eats its own waste material in a cell
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Autophagy
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Cells that ingest and eat things that came from outside the cell
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Heterophagy
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Energy sites of the cell - live within the cell line - has it's own DNA - comes from maternal line only
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Mitochondria
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Structures within a cell that hold a shape
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Cytoskeleton
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Long slender tubes that contain tubulin (protein) - has a hole in it
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Microtubules
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2 things that project from the outer surface of the cell membrane (tubules)
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Cilia and flagella
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Finger like material that projects from the outer surface of the cell membrane
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Cilia
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Single long tubule - job is to move the cell - example: male sperm
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Flagella
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Cell membrane - double layer of phospholipids
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Bilipid layer
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Outer part of the cell that is hydrophilic and tolerates water
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Polar head
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Inside of the bilipid layer - hydrophobic - fears water
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Fatty acid tail
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Multiple functions - biologically active chemicals
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Assorted attached proteins
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Fuzzy looking layer of a cell that resembles cotton candy - involved in cell recognition - 1 cell recognizes another cell - involved in cell adhesion
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Glycocalyx
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What is this theory? To be life, the basic unti must be a cell. There are around 100 trillion cells , however there is no official law - 25 trillion are red blood cells
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Cell theory
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How many red blood cells are there?
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25 trillion
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A building up or conserving energy - similar to yin
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Anabolism
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Breaking down / energy using - like yang
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Catabolism
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The sum total of all activity in the body
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Metabolism
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2 types of opposite types of activity in the body
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Anabolism and Catabolism
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What is energy?
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The ability to do work
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The energy currency of the body
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ATP ( adenosine triphosphate )
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Contains NH2 Nitrogen base
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Adenine
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What has 5 carbons?
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Ribose
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What has 3 molecules?
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Phosphates
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Holds 1 unit of ATP
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High energy bonds
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What is the formula for high energy bonds?
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phosphate groups 3:2 + 2:1
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Energy production in the absence of oxygen (no oxygen)
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Anaerobic metabolism
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Initial burning of glucose inside the cytoplasm - can take place anaerobically or aerobically with or without oxygen
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Glycolysis
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A by product of anaerobic
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Lactic acid
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A by product of aerobic
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Pyruvic acid
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Burning of glucose in the presence of oxygen
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Aerobic metabolism
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Another word for the citric acid cycle
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Kreb cycle
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Takes place inside the mitochondria-happens in the matrix - protein lipids is being broken down here
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Citric acid cycle or the kreb cycle
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Takes place along the inner walls of the mitochondria
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Electron transport system
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If the movement of a substance across a membrane does not require energy it is called...
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Passive movement (no ATP required)
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If energy is required to cross the membrane it is called...
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Active movement (ATP is required)
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Term for water in humans
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Solvent
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Anything small enough to dissolve (water soluble) ex: sugar in coffee
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Solute
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Movement of solute across the semi permeable membrane it will move and equalize
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Diffusion
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What is this theory? The amount of diffusion on one side determines the rate of diffusion
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Concentration gradient
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What is this theory? The smaller the size, the faster and easier the rate of diffusion
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Particle size
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What is this theory? The rate of diffusion will be faster if solute can move across the lipd membrane faster
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Lipid solubility
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Refers to the opposite charges on opposite sides of the membrane
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Electrical gradient
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The concentration gradient and the electrical gradient combined are called what?
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Electrochemical gradient
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What is the term used when solute particles are too big to pass thru the semi-permeable membrane therefore causing water molecules to move in the opposite direction?
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Osmosis
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The term used for a passive movement in which protein helps solute go through the semi-permeable membrane - known as diffusion with more umph.
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Faciliated diffusion
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Term used to describe when molecules move with or against a concentration gradient and ATP is burned
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Active transport
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Term used to describe the main molecule being moved across the membrane burning energy ATP
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Primary active transport
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Term used to describe a 2nd molecule moving along with the 1st at the same time
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Secondary active transport
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Term used to describe when the 2nd molecule moves along with the primary transport moving in the same direction
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Cotransport (symport)
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Term used to describe when the 2nd molecule is going in the opposite direction as the primary transport also known as the sodium potassium pump
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Countertransport (aniport)
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Cell engulfing large particles
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Endocytosis
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Engulfment of large particulate matter too big to move - ex hunk of rock
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Phagocytosis
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Endocytosis of liquid matter - engulfment of smaller liquid molecules
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Pinocytosis
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Opening up of cell membrane and getting rid of matter - ex: neurotransmitters - larger quantities trying to get out
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Exocytosis
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Name for when blood is filtered in the nephrons of the kidney
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Filtration
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Interaction of all the cells of the body operating in harmony
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Homeostasis
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The two major direct communications used when cells act in harmony
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Nervous system and hormonal system communication
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Chemicals released by one cell that have a specific effect on another cell
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Hormones
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1 cell releasing something into the blood stream - affecting a distant cell
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Hormonal communication
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Cell releasing hormone - having an affect on a nearby cell
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Paracrine communication
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Microtubule in contact with a 2nd cell
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Gap junction
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A cell releasing a hormone like substance that will act on that cell
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Autocine communication
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What hormone is the only hormone that stimulates the nucleus?
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Thyroid hormone
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When a hormone can only act on a cell if there is an appropriate receptor in the cell membrane upon which it can fit
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Cell membrane receptor site
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Term for when a message gets to the membrane but doesn't enter it. Most hormones are these
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First messenger
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Chemical inside the cell that first messenger stimulated but doesn't go through the membrane - it was always there - most cells in our body have these
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Second messenger
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Message that goes from membrane to 2nd messenger and tells it what needs to be done
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Signal transduction
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What is the term when there is too much hormone and cells lose receptor sites?
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Down-regulation
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Term for when there is not enough hormone substance and cell will increase the # of receptor sites
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Up-regulation
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Charges on the membrane of a nerve cell that is not conducting a nerve impulse
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Resting state
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Outer surface of a cell membrane - positive or negative
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positive charge
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Inner surface of a cell membrane - positive or negative
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negative charge
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Electrical difference between outter and inner potential energy with opposite charges on either side of the membrane
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Membrane potential
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Small openings for ions to pass through quicker
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Ion channels
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Active process across cell membrane that keeps sodium on the outside and potassium on the inside - 3 sodiums for every 2 potassiums
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Sodium Potassium pump
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What is the Nernst Equation used to calculate equilibrium potential across a membrane- need to know this for Boards
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EMF (electro mode of force) in mV = -61 x ion concentration on inside / ion concentration on the outside
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A nerve cell that contains a nucleus
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Neuron
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The production of a nerve impulse carried along a nerve cell
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Neurotransmission
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Most of the nerve tissue in our body is made up of supporting cells called...
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Neuroglia
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Long process carrying nerve transmission away from the body
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Axon
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Nucleus expanded portion of the nerve body
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Cell body
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Short process carrying nerve transmission towards the body
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Dendrites
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Nerve cell in it's inactive state positive on outside and negative on the inside
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Resting membrane potential
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Energy mechanism that maintains polarity keeping outer membrane positive
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NA/K pump
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Nerve cell in a resting inactive state postive on ouotside neg on inside of cell membrane
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Polarized neuron
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Cell can have resting membrane potential that varies - what is the configuration
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-30 mV to -90mV
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Term for when the pump is disturbed and it switches charges
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Momentary destabilization of the NA/K pump
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The part of the pump that is destabilized
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Depolarized neuron
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When there is a reverse across the membrane step by step by step
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Action potential
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Alters the charge to a certain level before sodium pump will kick in
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Threshold potential
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Time between when neuron will react a 2nd time
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Refractory period
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When there is a minimal amount of time before anything can happen
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Absolute refractory period
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A partial inaffective stimulation
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Relative refractory period
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The thicker the neuron the _____ the the current
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Faster
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Fatty substance that insulates an axon
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Myelin
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Bare areas between the myelin
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Areas of depolirization that can jump from node to node to node
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Saltatory conduction
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What is the disease in which myelin covering is lost?
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MS
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What is described as a fight or flight?
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Hormones
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Myelinated
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White matter
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Why is white matter white
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Lipids cause this
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1st neuron carrying nerve impulse
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Presynaptic neuron
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1 neuron stimulates 2nd neuron
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Synapse
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Chemical disruption of sodium pump
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Chemical synapse
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Space between bags holding chemical
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Transmitter vesicles
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Chemical in bags that go through membrane
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Transmitter molecules AKA neurotransmitters
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Secific receptors for that neuro transmitter
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Postsynaptic receptors
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