Physiology

Front 1

Gene

Back 1

Information (sequence of codons) on DNA molecule needed to synthesis a protein

Front 2

Codon

Back 2

Sequence of 3-base pairs (triplets) that code for a particular amino acid

Front 3

Promoter

Back 3

Each gene has a control segment called a promoter, which are triplets that activate or repress transcription

Front 4

Proteome

Back 4

all the proteins coded by the genome under specific conditions

Front 5

Three parts of Protein Synthesis

Back 5

1. Gene Activation
2. Transcription
3. Translation

Front 6

Gene activation

Back 6

1. Normally the gene is inactive or turned off
2. A transcrition factor (protein) attaches to the promotrer region which allows the attachment of the enzyme RNA polymerase to the promoter

Front 7

Transcription

Back 7

Copying the gene by the synthesis of messanger RNA
1. RNA polymerase binds to the top of the promoter of the templet strand
2. A portion of the gene uncoils and bonds between complementary bases break
3. RNA polymerase facilitates the bonding of nucleotides to their corresponding bases along the templete strand
4. RNA polymerase bonds adjacent nucleotides together (sugar-Pi)
5. this process continues down the length of the gene until RNA polymerase reaches the stop codon.
6. m-RNA detaches from the DNA strand and DNA returns to normal comfiguration
7. The codons of m-RNA are read in the 5' to 3' direction

Front 8

Translation

Back 8

Synthesis of protein using the copied code on m-RNA
1. m-RNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a small ribosomal subunit
2. A t-RNA whose anticodon (3bases) match the first codon of m-RNA, attaches, along with its specific amino acid at the other end
3. A large ribosomal subunit joins the complex to form a complete ribosome
4. Another t-RNA attaches to the next codon along the m-RNA strand.
5.the adjacents amino acids on the ends of the t-RNA bond
6. First t-RNA detaches from the ribosome leaving behind the amino acid
7. RIbosome moves to the next codon along the m-RNA
8. Steps repeat until the ribosome reaches the stop codon

Front 9

Cellular Metabolism

Back 9

1. Metabolism- all the chemical reactions in the body necessary to maintain life
anabolism-synthesis
catabolism- decomposition

Front 10

---Cellular Metabolism---
Cellular Respiration

Back 10

2. Cellular respiration- reactions that provide energy for the synthesis of ATP.
glucose +O2->CO2+H2O+energy
energy+ADP +Pi---->ATP
When ATP breaks down, energy is released to do cellular work.
Cellular work is, heat production, synthesis reactions, active transport etc)

Front 11

Carbohydrate Metabolism
Aerobic cellular respiration
Glycolysis

Back 11

Glycolysis- occurs in the cytoplasm
Glucose+2 ADP+2Pi+2NAD--->
2Pyruvic acid+2NADH+H+ +2ATP
Substrate level phosphorylation- transfers of phosphate group with high energy bond from substrate to ADP: ADP+X-Pi---->
ADP-Pi+x