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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy is the study of...
A. Structure B. Function |
A. Structure
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What is the study of structure?
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Anatomy
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What is the study of function?
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Physiology
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Which type of muscle is also called "striated" or "voluntary"?
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Skeletal
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What are the 4 types of tissues?
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1. Epitheleal
2. Connective 3. Nervous 4. Muscle |
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List the levels of organization in the body from smallest to largest:
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atom - molecule - cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
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What is the basic unit of life?
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Cell
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Describe a negative feedback loop
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Like when you have the thermostat set to 75, once it reaches that temp, it sends a signal to stop producing heat
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Describe a positive feedback loop
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If the battery in the thermostat dies and it shuts off without sending a signal
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What is osmosis?
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movement of semi-permeable fluid through a membrane
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What is diffusion?
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Diffusion is the scattering of dissolved particles, like when dropping food coloring into water
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What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
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Osmosis happens through a membrane, diffusion through water.
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What does the word "stratum" mean?
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Layers
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Where do sensory or afferent neurons send signals?
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To the brain
Muscle -> brain |
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What is another name for afferent neurons?
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Sensory
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What do motor or efferent nerves do?
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Send signals from the brain
Brain -> muscle |
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Which 2 systems come together at the Diencephalon?
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Nervous and Endocrine
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What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolism?
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A thrombus stays at a particular location, an embolism moves
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Explain the process of Lymph becoming plasma
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When you drink water, it is absorbed into blood through the large intestines. Once in blood, the water is under pressure. The cell walls of arteries (made of epitheleal tissue) are permeable, therefore pressure forces water, proteins, etc out of ateries and into extracellular membrane. They are then collected by lymph ducts, then filtered through nodes, exit nodes into larger lymph vessels, and empty into subclavian vein (branch of superior vena cava) which goes to the heart, circulates through blood as plasma.
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What does Hepatic Circulation do?
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Provides blood to the liver
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What type of circulation provides blood to the liver?
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Hepatic
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What does Cephalod mean?
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towards the head
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What are antibodies?
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Molecules of proteins involved in imunoresponse of the body
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What is Etiology?
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The study of causes of disease
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Swelling, heat, redness, and pain all describe..
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inflamation!
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What is Histology?
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Study of tissues of body
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What is Pathology?
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Study of structural or functional changes caused by disease
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What is the most abundant tissue in the body?
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Connective
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What kind of tissue repairs itself quickly and easily?
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Epitheleal
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What does "striated" mean?
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Layers and bands
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Which enzyme breaks into 2 or more ions in water?
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Electrolytes
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What type of charge do ions have?
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Could be positive or negative
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Energy for many of the bodies processes is produced by..
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ATP: a molecule that breaks apart in muscle cells to yield the energy needed for muscle contraction
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What are organelles?
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structures in the cell that perform special functions
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What type of cells does mitosis result in?
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2 daughter cells
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Which glands form oil?
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Sebatious glands
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The skin aids in synthesis of which vitamin?
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D
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Which glands produce sweat?
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Sudiferous
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Cyanosis is what?
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A condition caused by lack of air in the blood, causing skin to turn blue (think cyan/cyanosis)
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What is the numonic for identifying cancer?
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ABCD
asymetry, border, color, diameter |
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What is a hemotoma?
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A bruise
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How many bones are in the body?
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206
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Which joints are "immovable"?
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Synarthrotic
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What is an example of an immovable or synarthrotic joint?
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Saggital Suture
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Which joints are "movable"?
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Diarthrotic
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What is an example of a movable or diarthrotic joint?
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Elbow
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Which joints are "semi-movable"?
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Amphiarthrotic
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What is an example of a semi-movable or amphiarthrotic joint?
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Pubic symphasis
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
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support, protection, movement, storage, hematopoesis
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What is the connective tissue that binds muscles together?
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Fascia
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What is lack of oxygen to muscle tissues called?
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Eschemia
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Define RICE
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rest, ice, compress, elevate
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Which condition is characterized by a loss of muscle without the nervous system involved?
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Muscular Dystrophy
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What are the proteins that make muscle tissue contract?
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Actin and myocin
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What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?
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CNS and PNS
central nervous system and perepheral nervous system |
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The autonomic nervous system is part of CNS or PNS?
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PNS
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What are neurotransmitters?
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chemical messengers
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The space between 1 neuron and another is called the...
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synapse
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the 2 ends of neurons are called...
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axons and dendrites
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Afferent nerves send signals...
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to the brain
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efferent nerves send signals..
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from the brain
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What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Rest and digest
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What is the sympathetic nervous system?
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Fight or Flight
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Which chemical is produced by the brain to relieve pain?
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Endorphins
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What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
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A sign is something an outside observer would see, a symptom is an internal experience
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The fight or flight response is controlled by which gland?
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Adrenal
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Which hormone controls reproduction?
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Estrogen
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Insulin is secreted by which organ?
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Pancreas
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What is HGH?
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Human growth hormone
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Which system eliminates waste?
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Digestive
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Proteins break into...
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Amino acids
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What are amino acids?
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Proteins that immunize against specific antigens
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Allergic reactions are a result of what type of immune system?
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Overactive
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How many blood types are there?
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8
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What is Tachycardia?
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excessive heart rate
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Oxygenated blood is supplied to the head through which artery?
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Corroted
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Which kind of blood cell is found in fascia, which is not?
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RBC not in fascia
WBC is |
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Which artery is associated with the liver? Which with the kidney?
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- Hipatic w/ liver
- Renal w/ kidney |
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What is the hormone that increases water retention in kidneys?
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Antidiuretic
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What is hepatitis?
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Inflamation of the liver caused by h. pilori bacteria
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Where does carb breakdown begin?
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In the mouth : O
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Where is bile produced?
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In the liver
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What are the 3 parts of a cell?
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Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm Nucleus |
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What does an organism need to do in order to be "living"
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maintain boundaries, move, respond to stimuli, digest/excrete, metabolize, reproduce, grow
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What does an organism need to survive?
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food, oxygen, water, appropriate temp, normal atmospheric pressure
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Define homeostatis:
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It is the body's attempt to maintain relative stability through feedback mechanisms, especially negative feedback loops
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What is a cell?
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The structural and functional unit of all living matter
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What are some characteristics of all cells?
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they exhibit irritability, digest foods, excrete wastes, and are able to move, grow, reproduce, and metabolize
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What is a passive transport mechanism?
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a mechanism that requires no input of energy in order to happen
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What is filtration?
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The movement of disolved substances, like a coffee filter mechanically filters coffee
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What are Phagocytes?
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Cells that eat foreign matter
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How do human cells reproduce?
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Mitosis
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What are the 3 types of epitheleal tissue membranes?
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Cutaneous
Serous Mucus |
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What is the cutaneous membrane?
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Skin; it is the primary organ of the integumentary system
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Where are Serous membranes found?
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Only on surfaces with closed cavities
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Where are mucus membranes found?
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In areas with open cavities
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What is an example of a connective tissue membrane?
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synovial membranes
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What is a firm, raised lesion?
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Papule
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What is a large, raised leasion?
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Plaque
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What is a thin-walled blister filled with fluid and smaller than 1cm?
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Vesicle
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What is an elevated lesion filled with pus?
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Pustule
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What is a scab called?
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Crust
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What is a firm, raised area of irregular shape with a light center?
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Wheal
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What is an area distinguished from surrounding skin by color?
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Macule
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What is a macule larger than 1cm?
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Patch
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What is an area in which epidermis is missing, exposing the dermis?
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Excoriation
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What is it called when the skin level is depressed, showing loss of tissue?
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Atrophy
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What is a crater-like lesion caused by disintegration of skin?
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Ulcer
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What is a linear crack or break from epidermis to dermis?
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Fissure
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Example of a papule:
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Wart
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Example of a wheal:
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hives
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Example of crust:
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scab
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Example of a macule:
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Freckles
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Example of a patch:
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Vitilligo
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Ex of excoriation:
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scratch
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Ex of ulcer:
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bed sore
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EX of fissure:
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Athletes foot
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How are burns classified?
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-depth and number of tissues involved
-total body surface area affected -type of homeostatic mechanism, such as respiratory or blood pressure control that are damaged or destroyed |
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What is a first-degree burn?
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sunburn; epidermis damaged, no blistering
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What is a second-degree burn?
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involves the deep epidermal layers and always causes injury to the upper layers of the dermis
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What is another name for second degree burns?
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partial thickness
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What is a third-degree burn?
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complete distruction of epidermis and dermis.
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What is a fourth-degree burn?
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A burn that reaches muscle or bone
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Which type of burn is also called "full thickness"?
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Fourth-degree
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What is the most superficial layer of the skin?
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Epidermis
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What are the layers of the epidermis?
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(most superficial to deep)
stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum germinativum (deepest) |
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What are the skin's appendages?
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sebaceous glands, sudiferous (sweat) glands, hair, and nails
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What are the 4 types of bones? Examples of each.
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Long- Humerus
Short- Carpals Flat- Frontal Irregular- VTB |
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What are osteoblasts?
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Bone forming cells
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What are osteoclasts?
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bone resorbing cells
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What are the functions of the muscular system?
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Movement
Posture or muscle tone Heat production |
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What is isotonic contraction?
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When a muscle produces movement at a joint
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What is isometric contraction?
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When a muscle contracts with no resulting movement
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What are the 2 types of cells in the nervous system?
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Neurons- nerve cells
Glia- Support cells |
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What are the 3 parts of a neuron?
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Cell body
dendrites axon |
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What are the 3 types of neurons?
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Sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent) interneurons |
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What do glia cells do?
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They hold neurons together and protect them, they DO NOT transmit messages!!
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The CNS is made up of..
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The brain and spinal cord
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What does the PNS do?
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Includes nerved that send and receive messages to the CNS
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What do neurons do?
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Conduct nerve impulses
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How do neurons transmit signals?
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Through the synapse
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What is the most superior part of the brain?
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cerebral hemesphere
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Where is the Diencephalon located?
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On top of the brain stem, enclosed by the cerebral hemosphere
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What are the major structures of the Diencephalon and what do they do?
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Thalamus: relay station for sensory impulses
Hypothalamus: regulates body temp, water balance, and metabolism Pituitary gland (Master gland)- in charge of sending messages to all glands of the endocrine system Mamillary bodies: sense of smell Pineal body: Controls walk/sleep cycles Choroid plexus: forms cerebrospinal fluid |
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Which gland is referred to as the "master gland"?
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Pituitary gland
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What is the brain stem responsible for?
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basic living functions such as breathing, heart rate, gag reflex, blood pressure
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What is the Cerebellum responsible for?
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balance and equilibrium
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Protection of the CNS:
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Meninges are membranes the cover the surface of the CNS
Dura Mater- outer layer Arachnoidmater- middle layer Pia mater- innermost layer |
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The subarachnoid space (space between arachnoid mater and pia mater) is filled with...
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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How is cerebrospinal fluid formed?
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from blood by the choroid plexi
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What does cerebrospinal fluid do?
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Protects brain and spinal chord
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What is a nerve?
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A bundle of neuron fibers found outside of the CNS
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Name the layers of nerve structure from superficial to deep
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Epineureum- connective tissue that wraps around the whole nerve
Perineurium- connective tissue that wraps around groups of nerves called fascicles Endoneurium- delicate connective tissue sheath that surrounds each neuron fiber |
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What do mixed nerves contain?
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both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neuron fibers
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How many cranial nerves are there?
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12
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What do cranial nerves do?
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carry impulses directly to the brain
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How many spinal nerves are there?
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31
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What is the autonomic nervous system?
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part of the PNS responsible for automatic functions such as breathing, blood pressure, and glands
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What are the 2 major communicating and coordinating systems in the body?
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nervous and endocrine
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How does the endocrine system communicate?
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through chemical signals called hormones
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How does the nervous system communicate?
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through electric impulses
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Which part of the brain is connected to the pituitary gland?
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hypothalamus
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What does the hormone Thyrotropin do?
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Stimulates the thyroid gland
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What does the hormone adrenocorticotropic do?
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stimulates the adrenal cortex
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What does the thyroid gland do?
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regulates metabolic rate through secretion of thyroid hormone and decreases blood calcium through the secretion of calcitonin
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What does the parathyroid hormone do?
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secreted by the parathyroid gland, this hormone stimulates the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase calcium levels
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Which organ secretes insulin?
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pancreas
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Which gland secretes melatonin?
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pineal
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What are the 2 types of circulation?
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Pulmonary: carries blood to the heart
Systemic: supplies blood to the rest of the body |
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What are arteries?
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carry blood away from the heart
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What are the smallest arteries called?
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arterioles
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What is the smallest and most numerous blood vessel?
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capillaries
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What do veins do?
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Carry blood from capilaries back to the heart
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What are the smallest veins called?
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venules
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What is the usual flow of blood?
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heart (left ventricle) to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins to hear (right atria)
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Layers of blood vessels from superficial to deep:
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Tunica externa: outermost layer formed of connective tissue
Tunica media: contains elastic tissue and smooth muscle Tunica intima: Forms a smooth and shiny endothelium |
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What are the functions of the circulatory system?
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Blood pressure
Blood Flow Capillary exchange (internal resp) |
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How many chambers does the heart have?
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4:
2 atria (receiving chambers) 2 ventricles (discharging chambers) |
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What is each chamber of the heart lined with?
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endocardium
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What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?
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*defense of body against infection
*return of fluid from tissue to blood *absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins from the digestive tract |
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What is lymph?
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a clear fluid containing water, electrolytes, waste. and some protein
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Where does lymph from the right arm and right side of the head and thorax drain?
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into the right lymphatic duct, which drains into the subclavian vein
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Lymph from where drains into the thoracic duct and then drains into the subclavian vein?
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Everything other than the right arm and right side of the head and thorax
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Is lymph pumped?
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no
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What does lymph move in response to?
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skeletal muscle contraction, chest movement, and contraction of smooth muscle in lymphatic vessels
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Name the 4 lymphoid organs:
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1. lymph nodes
2. Tonsils 3. Thymus gland 4. Spleen |
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Name the 3 major clusters of lymph nodes:
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1. cervical
2. axillary 3. inguinal |
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What do nodes do?
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Serve to protect the body from infection by filtering lymph
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What are encapsulated lymph nodes found in the pharynx?
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Tonsils
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What does the thymus gland do?
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Produces and differentiates the lymphocytes
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Which hormone does the thymus gland excrete?
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thymosin
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Which organ functions as a large lymph node?
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Spleen
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What does the spleen do?
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Filters blood, kills microorganisms and removes worn out red blood cells and platelets
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What is the Immune system?
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A defense system that protects the body from foreign invaders such as pathogens, pollens, toxins, and cancer cells.
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What are mechanisms that protect the body from many different types of foreign agents?
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Nonspecific immunity
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Does nonspecific imunity require the identification of a specific agent to do its job?
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No
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What is the immune system's first line of defense? Give an example of each.
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*Mechanical barriers
-intact skin and mucous membranes *Chemical barriers -saliva, sweat, stomach acid, tears *Certain reflexes -coughing, sneezing, blinking |
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What is the name of the protective protein used in the immune system's second line of defense?
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interferon
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What is the immune system's second line of defense?
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Phagocytes, inflamation, fever, and protective proteins such as interferon
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What is specific immunity?
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It protects the body from specific antigens and requires he identification of the specific agent involved
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Which line of defense consists of mechanical barriers (intact skin and mucous membranes), chemical barriers (tears, saliva, sweat, stomach acids), and certain reflexes (caughing, sneezing blinking)?
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The first line of defense
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How many lines of defense does your immune system have?
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3
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Which line of defense involves phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and protective proteins such as interferon?
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The second line of defense
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What is the difference between specific and nonspecific immunity?
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*Specific requires the identification of specific agents involved and only protects against specific antigens
*Nonspecific protects the body from many types of foreign agents and does not require the identification of the specific agent to do its job |
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What is considered the 3rd line of defense?
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Specific immunity
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Which line of defense protects through the coordinated activity of the macrophages and T and B cells?
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third line of defense
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What does the respiratory system consist of?
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The upper and lower respiratory tracts
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What are the functions of the respiratory system?
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ventilation, exchange of respiratory gasses, and transport of respiratory gasses in the blood
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What is ventilation?
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Inhalation and Exhalation
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What does ventilation occur in response to?
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Thoracic volume; which then causes changes in pressure within the thorax
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What happens during inhalation?
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thoracic volume increases, pressure decreases, and air from the outside rushes in
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What happens during exhalation?
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thoracic volume decreases, pressure increases, and air from the lungs is forced out
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Where does the exchange of gasses occur?
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in the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.
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Gasses diffuse from an area of ______ pressure to an area of ______ pressure.
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High
Low |
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Describe external respiration?
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Oxygen diffuses from the inhaled air into the alveoli; then carbon dioxide diffuses from alveoli to the exhaled air
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Describe internal respiration?
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Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells; then carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into the blood.
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What is the difference between internal and external respiration?
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*internal happens at the cellular level, external is "breathing"
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What transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, magnesium, etc?
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Blood O_o
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Which substance in blood carries oxygen?
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Hemoglobin
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Most carbon dioxide is carried through blood as what?
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a bicarbonate ion
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What is carried by the hemoglobin in blood?
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oxygen
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What is carried through the blood in the form of a bicarbonate ion?
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Carbon Dioxide
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Carbon dioxide is carried through the blood in the form of?
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a bicarbonate ion
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What are the 7 structures of the respiratory system?
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1. Nose/nasal cavities
2. Pharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea 5. Bronchial Tree 6. Lungs 7. Pleural membranes |
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Which organ contains the structures of the lower respiratory tract?
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Lungs
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What do parietal pleura line?
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the inside of the chest wall
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What do the visceral pleura line?
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the outside of the lungs
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What type of pleura lines the inside of the chest wall?
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Parietal pleura
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What type of pleura line the outside of the lungs?
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Visceral pleura
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How many lobes do the right side of the lungs contain?
The left? |
Right : 3
Left: 2 |
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Name the 3 parts of the bronchial tree:
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1. Bronchi
2. Bronchioles 3. Alveoli |
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What type of system is the Urinary system?
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Excretory
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What is the Urinary system responsible for?
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filtering blood, excreting nitrogenous wastes, regulating blood volume, blood electrolytes, blood pressure, blood acidity, and aids in RBC production
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What does the urinary system regulate?
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blood volume, blood electrolytes, blood pressure, and blood acidity
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What are the 4 structures of the urinary system?
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1. Kidneys
2. Urinary bladder 3. Ureters 4. Urethra |
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What is the most important excretory organ?
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Kidneys
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What are the functions of the kidneys?
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eliminate nitrogenous wastes, water, electrolytes, toxins, and drugs
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Which organ is retroperitoneal in the superior lumbar region?
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Kidneys
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What are the structural and functional units of the kidneys?
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Nephrons
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What does each nephron consist of?
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a glomerulus and renal tubule
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What consists of a glomerulus and renal tubule?
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Nephron
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What are nephrons responsible for?
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filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
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What are the 2 long, slender tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis to urinary bladder?
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Ureters
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What is the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body?
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Urethra
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What is the mineralcorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex that stimulates the kidney to reabsorb sodium and water and to excrete potassium?
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Aldosterone
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Aldosterone is secreted by..
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the adrenal cortex
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What does aldosterone do?
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stimulates the kidney to reabsorb sodium and water and to excrete potassium
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Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland, and stimulates the collecting duct to reabsorb water?
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Anti-diuretic hormone
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Anti-diuretic hormone is secreted by...
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The anterior pituitary gland
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What does the anti-diuretic hormone do?
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stimulates the collecting duct to reabsorb water
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What are the 2 functions of the digestive system?
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1. Ingestion (eating)
2. Absorption |
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The breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles by physical means such as chewing, mixing, mashing, and squishing is called..
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Mechanical digestion
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The chemical alteration of foods by enzymes and hydrochloric acid is called..
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Chemical digestion
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Where does most chemical digestion occur?
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small intestines
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Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
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in the mouth : O
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Where does protein digestion begin?
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the stomach
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What is absorption in the digestive system?
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the movement of digested food across the lining of the digestive tract into the blood
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What is the movement of digested food across the lining of the digestive tract into the blood?
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Absorption
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Where does most absorption occur?
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The duodenum
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What are the 6 organs and 3 accessory organs that make up the digestive system?
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1. Mouth
2. Pharynx (throat) 3. Esophogus 4. Stomach 5. Small Intestine 6. Large intestine **ACCESSORY ORGANS** 1. Liver 2. Gall bladder 3. Pancreas |
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What is the esophagus?
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Long tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. Has 2 sphincters.
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How many sphincters does the esophagus have?
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2
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Which organ of the digestive system functions in digestion, secretion of enzymes and hydrochloric acid, hormones, and other factors? Also regulates the rate at which chyme moves to the small intestine.
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Stomach
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Which organ contains the duodenum, jejunum, and illeum?
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small intestines!
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What are the accessory organs of the small intestines?
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Duodenum, jejunum, and the illeum
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Where does most digestion and absorption occur?
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Small intestine!
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What are the functions of the large intestine?
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absorb water and electrolytes, synthesize vitamins, temporary storage of waste, and elimination of waste from the body
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Which organ can absorb water and electrolytes, synthesize vitamins, temporary storage of waste, and elimination of waste from the body?
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The large intestine
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Which organ synthesizes bile, detoxifies drugs or other harmful substances, stores glycogen; helps to metabolize carbs, proteins, and fats; and has a role in stimulating platelet production?
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The liver
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Which organ functions to store, concentrate, and release bile?
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Gall bladder
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Which organ is an endocrine gland that secretes insulin and glucagon?
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Pancreas
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Which pancreatic enzymes are the most important digestive enzymes of all?
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insulin and glucagon
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