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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_____ secrete gastric acid
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Parietal cells
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What digestive substances are released in the stomach?
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HCL, pepsin
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Lingual lipase is activated when.....
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HCL in stomach brings pH to 5-6
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This cell secretes the hormone that promotes production of gastric acid
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G cells
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what is the function of gastrin?
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increase gastrin secretion
closes esophageal spincter OPENS pyloric sphincter |
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what is the function of HCL?
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activates lingual lipase
denatures proteins |
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What digestive products are released by pancreas?
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pancreatic: amylase
protease lipase |
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What digestive products are released by the liver
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bile
cholesterol |
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what are the functions of the liver
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carbohydrate, lipid, and protein METABOLISM
processes drugs/hormones excretes bilibrin synthesizes bile salts stores glycogen, vitamin, minerals activates vitamin D |
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What is bile stored?
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gallbladder
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function of bile is _____
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emulsification of fats
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what are the 3 parts of the SMALL intestine
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duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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Where are sucrase, lactase, and maltase stored?
(and what is their function) |
BRUSH BORDER of small intestine
they break down disaccharides INTO monosaccharides |
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What does proteases do?
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breaks down proteins into peptides
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What breaks down peptides into Amino Acids?
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Brush Border enzymes
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What is the function of the large intestine
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absorbs water
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how are lipids absorbed by the small intestine?
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diffusion from micelles
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Absorbed lipis are _______
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triglycerides
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Lipids are taken into circulation as _______ via the _________
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chylomicrons via the subclavian artery
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How are amino acids absorbed?
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active transport
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what cells secrete gastric acid?
HCL (aka) |
Parietal cells
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Does decreases gastrin secretions?
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secretin
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when is CCK released from the duodenum of the small intestine
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during intestinal phase
empties gallbladder and gives satiety |
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When duodenum is stretched, is sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system stimulated?
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sympathetic = digestion
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functions of the kidney
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regulates ions
regulates blood pH regulates blood volume regulates blood pressure regulates blood osmolarity regulates blood glucose excretes waste produces hormones (renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone) |
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what hormones does the kidney produce
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renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, erythropoeitin, calcitrol
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What are the 2 parts of the kidney
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Renal Corpuscle
Renal Tubule |
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Nephron empties in the ________
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collecting duct
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what are the 2 parts of the RENAL CORPUSCLE
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Bowman's capsule
Glomerulus |
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What are the 3 parts of the Renal Tubule
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Proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle distal convoluted tubule |
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Normal net filtration pressure (in nephron)
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10 mmHg
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Afferent
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to
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Efferent
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From
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released when BV too high –so want to lose water
increases Glomeruli Filtration Rate |
Atrial Natriuertic Peptide
ANP |
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= part of pathway promoting water RETENTION as it attempts to increase BP.
It reduces GFR, trying to retain water vasoconstricts afferent & efferent arterioles |
Angiotensin II
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Relaxes mesangial cells increasing capillary surface area and increasing GFR
Relaxes afferent and constricts efferent arterioles |
Atrial Natriuretic peptide
ANP |
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Relaxes mesangial cells increasing capillary surface area and increasing GFR
Relaxes afferent and constricts efferent arterioles |
Atrial Natriuretic peptide
ANP |
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In nephron, this is the largest amount of solute and water REABSORBED
(usually glucose and Na) however it secretes H ions and drug residues |
Proximal tubule
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How does Proximal Tubule balance acid-bases
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It reabsorbs Na
It secretes H ions (bicarbonate is reabsorbed) |
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Descending loop of henle
absorbs/secretes what? |
Reabsorbs water
Secretes NaCl |
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Ascending loop of henle
absorbs/secretes what? |
Water impermeable
Reabsorbs NaCl |
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Distal tubule is dependent on what hormone for water reabsorption?
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ADH for water reabsorption
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Distal Tubule is dependent on what hormone for Na reabsorption and K secretion
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Aldosteron
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Aldosterone causes ________ of Na & Cl and secretion of K in the collecting duct
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reabsorption
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increases permeability to water in cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct causing higher water __________
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reabsorption
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decreases Na and water reabsorption, inhibits ______ and _____ release
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aldosterone and ADH
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A decrease in blood pressure results in an increase in _____
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renin
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net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
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Osmosis
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: pressure a solution exerts when its particles are not permeable to the membrane
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osmotic pressure
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_______ is ratio of solute to solvent, inverse of water concentration
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Osmolarity
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______ Filters 1/5 of plasma and small solutes out of blood
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kidneys
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2/3 of fluids is ______
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Intracelluylar fluid
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1/3 of fluids is _______
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extracellular fluids
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80% of extracellular fluid is ______
(and extracellular fluid is 1/3 of total body fluid) |
interstitial fluid
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20% of extracellular fluid is ______
(and extracellular fluid is 1/3 of total body fluid) |
plasma
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Dehydration leads to decreased _______, decreased ___________, increased ___________, increased ____________
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decreased blood volume
decreased blood pressure increased renin/angiotensin II formation increased blood osmolarity |
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This hormone reduces the loss of water in urine
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ADH
(aka) Vasopressin and Aldosterone AND angiotensin II |
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This hormone increases loss of water in urine
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Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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pH is regulated (increased) in kidneys by __________
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excreting H ions
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Where does the majority of H ions get EXcreted
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proximal tubule and collecting duct
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Blood pH > 7.45
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Alkalosis
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Blood pH < 7.45
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Acidosis
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carbonic acid and bicarbonate are found in the intra/extracellular fluid
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extracellular fluid
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primary function of the villi of the small intestine?
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absorption
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the primary function of the mouth?
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ingestion
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Why do emotions such as anger or fear slow digestion?
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Because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract
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enzymes acts to produce monoglycerides as products?
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Amylase
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what organ produces a fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fats
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liver
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the primary function of the large intestine?
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formation of feces
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lingual lipase breaks down
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triglycerides
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salivary amylase breaks down
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starch
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what causes heartburn?
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stomach acids entering esophagus when esophageal sphincter doesnt close
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when is chyme formed?
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stomach
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what secretes HCL?
(and instrinsic factor for RBC production) |
parietal cells
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chief cells secrete ______
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pepsinogen which becomes pepsin
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Pepsinogen becomes pepsin with the presence of ________
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HCl
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D cells secrete ________
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somatostatin
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This inhibits the release of glucagon and insulin
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somatostatin
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This organ: produces bile
gluconeogenesis stores glycogen & vitamins Synthesizes cholesterol Detoxs |
LIVER
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Bilibrubin is formed from this molecule _____
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globin
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Bile's function
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emulsification of lipids,
neutralize chyme |
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Gallbladder's sole function
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STORE
and deliver bile to the duodenum |
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Where are brush border enzymes found?
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small intestine
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villi and crypts are found where?
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Small intestine
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Endocrine cells of small intestine secrete
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gastrin
CCK secretin |
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Columnar cells of small intestine secrete
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Cl and bicarbonate ions
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Triglycerides underggo diffusion as ________
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chylomicrons
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Somatostatin is stimulated by _________
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low pH in stomach
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somatostatin's function is to ______
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Inhibits CCK, secretin, gastrin (i.e. decreases rate of digestion & absorption)
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What is the function of Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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Secretion of pancreatic juice, release of the bile, gives feelings of satiety; inhibits HCl
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Low pH in the stomach _______ gastrin secretion and _______ somatostatin secretion
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inhibits
stimulates |
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Somatostatin inhibits _____ and _____ secretion
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gastrin
HCL |
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The low pH stimulates the secretion
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secretin
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______ cells release pepsinogen
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chief cells
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the exchange in gases at the alveoli
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internal respiration
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average resting tidal volume
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500ml
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Vt x Fb
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minute ventiliation
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The pressure in the interpleural space at rest
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756 mmHg
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The partial pressure of oxygen if concentration = 25% and barometric pressure = 400 mmHg
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100 mmHg
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The change shifts the oxyhemoglobin curve to the right
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acidic; lower pH
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Includes proteins, bicarbonate and phosphates
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buffers
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the main protein buffer in plasma
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albumin
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h20 + CO2 =
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carbonic acid
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Breaks down carbonic acid to water and carbon dioxide
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carbonic anhydrase
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normal blood osmolarity
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300 mOsmL
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The percent of cardiac output directed to the kidneys at rest
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25%
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This physiological measure heavily influences net filtration
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blood pressure
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(urine concentration x volume of urine) / plasma concentratin
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clearance
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In the loop of Henle this is reabsorbed with Cl- and K+
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Na+
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Propulsion of food down digestive tract
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peristasis
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Starts starch digestion in the mouth
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Amylase
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Produces bile
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Liver
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the secretion of D cells
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somatastatin
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Activates brush border peptidases
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trypsin
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CO x TPR
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blood pressure
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This causes blood glucose uptake by tissue cells
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insulin
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the membrane potential necessary to cause an action potential
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threshold
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The final products of aerobic metabolism
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Water, CO2, ATP
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Determined by preload, afterload, and total peripheral resistance
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cardiac output
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In lungs, the site of gas exchange
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respiratory zone
or alveoli |
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This reduces surface tension of water
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surfactant
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partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli
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40 mmHg
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This is caused by air leaking into the interpleural space
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pneumothorax
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Disease which scars lungs and reduces compliance
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TB
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When blood pH = 7.3
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acidosis
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An increase in ventilation causes this change
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increases pH
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additional H+ can be reabsorbed here
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kidney
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Causes CNS over-excitability
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alkalosis
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The type of transport moves H+ into the kidney tubial
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active transport
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Area that filters plasma
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bowman's capsule in the glomerulus
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The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to
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water
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This is the main factor that determines body fluid volume
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urinary salt loss
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___ is used to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys?
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ADH
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The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb what percentage of filtered water?
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65%
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This occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle walls in afferent arterioles
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Myogenic mechanism
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capillaries that surround the loop of henley
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vasa recta
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volume of plasma passing through glomeruli per minute
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GFP
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region where majority of water is reabsorbed
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large intestine
or proximal convoluted tubule |
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controls Na+ reabsorption in distal tubial
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Adolsterone
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Breaking down of food into absorbable molecules
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digestion
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denatures proteins in the stomach
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HCl
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causes an increase in HCl production
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gastrin
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substance that breaks down sucrose
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sucrase
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type of transport used t absorb amino acids
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2ndary active transport
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these nerves activate effector cells
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motor
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Hormonal system that maintains blood osmolarity
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RAA
renin angiotensin aldosterone |
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an involuntary response to a stimulus
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reflex
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substance primarily responsible for blood osmolarity
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protein
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this substance can knock off H+ and CO2 from the hemoglobin
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oxygen
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What is the formula for NET GFP
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(blood hydrostatic pressure) - (glomerular pressure + blood colloid pressure) = GFP
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What breaks peptides into amino acids?
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brush border enzymes (found in small intestines)
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what are the 2 mechanisms of auto regulation?
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Myogenic
Tubuloglomerular feedback |
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What is myogenic mechanism?
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arterioles contract after stretching
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What is tubuloglomerular feedback?
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Macula densa cells of loop of Henle detect increases in Na and Cl and inhibit the release of NO in juxtaglomerular apparatus DECREASING VASODILATION
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this hormone allows Na+ and Cl- to be reabsorbed
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Aldosterone
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What hormone allows for reabsorption of Ca2+
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parathyroid hormone
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gas exchange btw capillary blood and body tissue is called?
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internal respiration
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when the diaphragm contracts we.....
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inhale
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this area warms/ moves/ filters/ and humidifies air
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conducting zone
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what is the normal resting tidal volume (example)
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500 ml
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this measures how easily the lungs can expand
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compliance
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carbon dioxide combines with what to form carbonic acid
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water
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when carbonic acid disassociates a proton, what is formed?
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bicarbonate
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What combines with H+ to buffer them?
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bicarbonate
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When bicarbonate moves out of an RBC what moves in?
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Cl-
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The majority of CO2 carried in the blood is transported as
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bicarbonate
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What increases O2 disassociation? (makes Oxygen fall off RBC)
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high pCO2, high acidity, high temperature, low pO2
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During inhalation, the diaphragm ____
and aveoli pressure ___ |
contracts
decrease to 758 mmHg |
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where is mRNA translated?
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ribosomes
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This organism oxidizes
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mitochondria
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This ion is at a higher concentration inside the cell and is important in action potential
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potassium
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This type of transport does not use ATP but uses a chemical gradient of one substance to move another up its gradient
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secondary active transport
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this results in cell lysis
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hypotonic
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forming larger molecules from small ones
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anabolic
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these substances lower the energy of activation
|
enzymes
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Rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis
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PFK
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At the end of this process, you are left with lactic acid
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fast/anaerobic glycolysis
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pyruvate is converted into this substance
|
aceytlCoA
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for each molecule of glycogen broken down, how many ATP are formed during KRebs cycle?
|
2
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A lot of aceytlcoA molecules combining is called
|
keytone bodies
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insulin is released during the ______ state of digestion
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absorptive
|
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The part of a cell that recieves signals from other cells
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dendrites
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the number of axons found on a nerve cell
|
one
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sensory nerve cells are _____ cells
afferent or efferent |
AFFERENT
|
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motor nerve cells are called ________ cells
afferent or efferent |
efferent
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electrical synapses send signals through these structures
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gap junctions
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Just as an action potential starts, this ion moves INTO the cell
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sodium
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what part of the nervous system has 2 neurons in its pathway
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autonomic NS
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These cell bodies (nervous cells) are found in the spinal cord
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preganglionic
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What relays message between the left and right side of the cerebellum
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pons
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This part of the brain regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter and breathing
|
medulla oblongata
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This part of the brain monitors body temperature and PRODUCES anti-diuretic hormone
|
hypothalamus
|
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Master gland
|
pituitary
|
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This hormone increases excretion of H+ in urine
|
aldosterone
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Binding of this substance causes mysoin to release actin
|
ATP
|
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average blood volume in humans
|
5 liters
|
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rapid response pathway of platelet activation
|
extrinsic
|
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the pacemaker of the heart
|
sinoatrial node
|
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This EKG wave represents ventricular repolarization
|
T wave
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CO x TPR=
|
blood pressure
|
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This area does not contain myosin
|
I band
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This binds to Ca2+ in muscle contraction
|
trypsin
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This PROTEIN is involved in clotting
|
fibrinogen
|
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Resistance to flow is inversely proportational to this
|
radius
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This force causes absorption of fluid due to proteins
|
blood colloid pressure
|
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This nerve slows heart rate when excited
|
vagus nerve
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