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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sac surrounding the heart?
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Pericardial sac.
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2 layers of the pericardial sac
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Outer Fibrous/Parietal Pericardium.
Inner Visceral/Serous Pericardium. |
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What excretes pericardial fluid into the pericardial space?
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Visceral/serous pericardium.
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Which layer of the pericardial sac is permanently adhered to the heart?
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Visceral pericardium.
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The visceral pericardium is attached to the ________ layer of the heart?
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Myocytes of the epicardium.
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Which layer of the heart is a stiff, structural unit?
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The outer, fibrous/parietal pericardium.
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The parietal pericardium is composed of _________ tissue.
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Connective tissue.
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Other names for pericardial fluid?
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Serous fluid
Plasma ultrafiltrate. |
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Volume of pericardial fluid?
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15-35ml. 50ml max without pathology.
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Functions of the pericardial sac?
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Friction relief.
Protection from trauma. Increases cardiac efficiency. Controls cardiac pressure and filling. Infection control. |
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Another name for the cardiac skeleton?
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fibrous ring.
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What is the fibrous ring made of?
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Connective tissue.
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What is the only connection through the fibrous ring?
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Bundle of his.
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What is the purpose of the fibrous ring?
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To hold the shape of the heart and its chambers.
Gives shape to the cardiac valves. Isolates electrical impulse. Something about atrial groove/AV sulcus. |
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What dumps into the right atrium?
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IVS, SVC, Coronary sinus.
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Walls of the right atrium?
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Posterior and anterior.
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What is the texture of the posterior wall of the right atrium?
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Smooth.
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What structures are found in the right atrium?
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Eustacian valve - covered IVC in utero
Thebesian valve - Covered coronary sinus. Sinus Venosus. |
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What covered the IVC in utero?
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Eustacian valve.
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What covered the coronary sinus in utero?
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Thebesian valve.
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Texture of the anterior wall of the right atrium?
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Thicker than the posterior wall and trabeculated.
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Where is the atrial right atrial appendage found?
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Anterior wall of the right atrium.
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Where is the foramen ovale?
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Atrial septum.
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What are the two parts of the right ventricle?
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Proximal inflow tract.
Distal outflow tract. |
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What is the crista supraventricularis?
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Separates the proximal inflow and distal outflow tracts of the right ventricle.
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What is the texture of the proximal inflow tract of the right ventricle?
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Heavily trabeculated with muscle bands and houses the moderator band.
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Where is the moderator band?
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Proximal inflow tract of the right ventricle.
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Through what does the right bundle branch flow?
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Moderator band.
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What is the texture of the distal outflow tract of the right ventricle?
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Smooth. Very few trabeculations
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Thickness of RV in comparison to the RA?
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Slightly thicker.
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Sections of the left atrium?
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Anterior section.
Posterior wall. Septal wall. |
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Describe the anterior section of the left atrium?
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Muscular.
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Describe the posterior wall of the LA?
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Smooth, vessel like.
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Compare the LV to RV?
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LV is 3-4x thicker.
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What is the thickness of the left ventricle?
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9-11mm.
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The LV occupies what percentage of the entire heart?
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75%
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What is the aortic vestibule.
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The part of the LV just under the aortic valve.
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What are the sections of the LV?
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Aortic vestibule.
Trabeculated region. |
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What is found in the trabeculated region of the LV?
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MV
Chordae tendineae Papillary muscles |
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Mitral valve leaflets?
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Anterior and posterior.
Paps from both sides cross and attach. Only valve with this feature. |
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Which valve has chordae which cross.
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Mitral.
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Pulmonic valve leaflets?
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Anterior.
Left posterior Right posterior. |
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Tricuspid valve leaflets?
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Anterior
Posterior Medial (septal) valve |
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How many paps for the MV?
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2
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How many paps for the TV?
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3
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Aortic valve leaflets?
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RCC, NCC, LCC.
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Three layers of veins and arteries?
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Tunica intima
Tunica media Tunica adventitia. |
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Which vascular layer has the thinnest wall?
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Tunica intima. 1 cell layer thick.
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What type of cells make up the tunica intima?
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Endothelial cells.
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Which vascular layer is most metabolically active?
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Tunica intima.
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Which layer is thickest in arteries?
Veins? |
Tunica media thickest in arteries.
Tunica adventitia in veins. |
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Which layer is thickest in veins?
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Tunica adventitia.
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What is the internal elastic laminae?
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Layer separating tunica intima and media. Full of fenestrae.
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Why is the internal elastic laminae important?
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Allow for constriction/dilation of vessels.
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What is the tunica media made up of?
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Smooth muscle.
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Function of the tunica media?
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Controls vasotone.
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What does high vasotone mean?
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Constricted
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What does low vasotone mean?
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Dilated
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What guides the tunica media?
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Tunica intima instructs.
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Name of the outer vessel layer?
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Tunica adventitia.
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What is the tunica adventitia made up of?
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fibrotic and elastin tissues.
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What does elastin do?
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Allows for dilation, constriction.
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What is the purpose of the tunica adventitia?
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Gives support and structure of vessels.
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What is the external elastic lamina?
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Layer between media and adventitia. Allows for dilation and constriction.
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Small blood vessels in tunica adventitia?
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Vasovesorum.
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What are the three types of arteries?
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Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries Arterioles |
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Elastic arteries. Layer thickness.
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Thick intima
Thin media Thick adventitia |
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Elastic artery function?
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Decreases resistance on heart.
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Muscular arteries. Layer thickness?
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Thin intima
Massive media Thin adventitia |
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Muscular artery function?
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Controls flow to organ sections.
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Arterioles. Layer thickness?
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All very thin.
Largest population. Controls blood pressure. |
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Which arteries control blood pressure?
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Arterioles.
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Order of vessel flow.
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Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Greater veins |
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What are capillaries considered as?
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Neither.
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What are capillaries composed of?
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An endothelial layer and basement membrane.
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In the heart, everything other than _______ are cardiac myocytes.
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Fibrous ring.
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What is the diameter and length of the cardiac myocyte?
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25um in diameter
100 um in length. |
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How does the size of a myocyte compare to other cells?
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Smaller.
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What commonality is there between myocytes and skeletal muscles?
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Striated appearance.
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What are the differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
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Cardiac myocytes are disorganized, skeletal are organized.
Cardiac myocytes only have one or two coordinating muscles, skeletal have multiple. Each myocyte is fed by several capillaries. |
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2 Myocyte organelles.
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Myofibril. Largest organelle.
Sarcolemma. |
