Physiology

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Organisms exchange with the environment factors

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*An animals size & shape affect how it exchanges energy & materials w/environment

*Exchanges occurs as substances diffused if fuse & are transported across cells plasma membrane

*Single cell protest living in water has a sufficient surface area of plasma memebrane to service it's entire volume of cytoplasm

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osmoregulator

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to control internal osmolarity independent of the external environment

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osmoconformer

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to be issosmotic(having the same), with it's environment

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osmoregulation

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the general term for the process of animals controlling solute concentrations & balance water gain and loss.

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interstitial fluid

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spaces between cells are filled w/ fluid in many animals

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amoeba

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single celled otlrganism

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hydra

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an animal with two layers of cells

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intestine lining

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fingerlike projections that expand the surface area for nutrient absorption

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tissues

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groups of cells with similar appearance & common function

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organs

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different types of tissue organized into functional units

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Epithelial Tissue types?

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Cuboidal, Simple columnar epithelium, Simple squamous epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithlium

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polarity of epithelia

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polarized, meaning they have two different sides

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Connective tissue consisting of a big population of cells, holds many tissues &organs together.All part of include: what?

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Loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, bone,adipose tissue, blood,cartilage

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fibroblasts

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within matrix of connective tissue are these cells, that secrete fiber proteins

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macrophages

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cells that engulf foreign particles & cell debris by ingestion

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3 types of connective tissue

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collagenous fibers (strength &flexibility),reticular fibers (join connective tissue to adjacent/next to tissues), elastic fibers (make tissues elastic )

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Muscle tissues

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skeletal mucles (attached to bones by tendons;striated),smooth muscle (found in digestive tract,bladder,arteries,internal organs;lacks striation),cardiac muscle (forms contractile wall of heart;striated),

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neurons

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nerve cells; transmit strong nerve signals from it's cell body,dendrites,& axon

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glia cells

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support cells; help nourish,insulate,repents neurons,& modulate neuron function

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endocrine system (part of two major systems for coordinating & controlling responses to stimuli)

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Signalling molecules(Hormones) released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells are carried to all locations in the body.

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nervous system

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neurons transmit signals along dedicated routes connecting specific locations in the body

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negative feedback

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part of homeostasis; a control mechanism that reduces ,"damps" the stimulus

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positive feedback (not major player in homeostasis)

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a control mechanism that amplifies rather than reduces the stimulus; helps push a process to completion

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circadian rhythm

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certain cyclic alterations in metabolism, set of physiological changes that occur every 24 hr.Ex: body temp& melatonin concentration in blood

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acclimation

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the gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in it's external environment

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thermoregulation

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process by which animals maintain their body temp. within normal range

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integumentary system

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the outer covering of the body, consisting of: skin,hair,& nails.

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countercurrent exchange

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reduces heat lost from body, transfer of heat (solutes) between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions.Traps heat in the body core,reducing heat loss from extremities.

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torpor

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A physiological state of decreased activity & metabolism, adaptation to save energy while avoiding difficult & dangerous conditions

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hypothalamus

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acts as thermostat in mammalian regulation of body temperature

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vitamins

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organic molecules that are required in the diet in small amounts

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gastrovascular cavity

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a pouch; digests food & distributes nutrients throughput the body

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gastric juice

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stomach secretes this digestive fluid

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chyme

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mixture of ingested food & gastric juice

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protease

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A second component of the gastric juice

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pepsin

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protein digesting enzyme

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what is a duodenum?

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it is the first 25cm or so of the small intestines

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physiology

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biological function

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peristalsis

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pushes food by contractions, in the wall of the canal

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sphincters

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Valves that regulates movements between compartments

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where does the salivary amylase secrete?

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oral cavity,pharynx, esophagus

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this enzyme breaks down protein in the stomach

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pepsin

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hemolymph

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the circulatory fluid in an open circulatory system, is also the interstitial fluid that bathes the body