Physiological Psychology Outline Terms For Exam #1

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Basic Cell Structure

Back 1

Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Nucleus

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Cell Membrane

Back 2

The thin membrane that forms the outer surface of the protoplasm of a cell and regulates the passage of materials in and out of the cell. It is made up of proteins and lipids and often contains molecular receptors. The membranes of organelles within the cell are made of the same basic material as the cell membrane. In plant cells, the cell membrane is surrounded by a rigid cell wall. Also called plasma membrane

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Mitochondria

Back 3

A spherical or elongated organelle in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, containing genetic material and many enzymes important for cell metabolism, including those responsible for the conversion of food to usable energy. It consists of two membranes: an outer smooth membrane and an inner membrane arranged to form cristae.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, occurring either with a smooth surface (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) or studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum), involved in the transport of materials.

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Golgi Apparatus

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an organelle, consisting of layers of flattened sacs, that takes up and processes secretory and synthetic products from the endoplasmic reticulum and then either releases the finished products into various parts of the cell cytoplasm or secretes them to the outside of the cell.

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Nucleus

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a specialized, usually spherical mass of protoplasm encased in a double membrane, and found in most living eukaryotic cells, directing their growth, metabolism, and reproduction, and functioning in the transmission of genic characters.

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Neuron Cell Structure

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Soma
Dendrite
Axon
Terminal Buttons

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Soma

Back 8

The portion of a neuron that contains the nucleus but does not incorporate the dendrites or axon.

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Dendrite

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Any of the various branched protoplasmic extensions of a nerve cell that conducts impulses from adjacent cells inward toward the cell body.

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Axon

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The long portion of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the body of the cell.

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Terminal Buttons

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(end bulb or bouton) point where an axon releases chemicals

presynaptic end

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Types of Neurons

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Receptor
Interneurons
Motor Neurons

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Receptor Neuron

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the neurons responsible for converting external stimuli from the environment into internal stimuli. They are activated by sensory input (vision, touch, hearing, etc.), and send projections into the central nervous system that convey sensory information to the brain or spinal cord. Unlike neurons of the central nervous system, whose inputs come from other neurons, sensory neurons are activated by physical modalities such as light, sound, and temperature.

AFFERENT DATA

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Motor Neurons

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A neuron that conveys impulses from the central nervous system to a muscle, gland, or other effector tissue.

EFFERENT DATA

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Interneurons

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any neuron having its cell body, axon, and dendrites entirely within the central nervous system, especially one that conveys impulses between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron.

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Shapes of Neurons

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Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

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Multipolar Neurons

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a type of neuron that possesses a single (usually long) axon and many dendrites, allowing for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons. These dendritic branches can also emerge from the nerve cell body. Multipolar neurons constitute the majority of neurons in the brain and include motor neurons and interneurons.