Physiological Psychology Final Exam: Sleep

Front 1

How is sleep measured?

Back 1

EEG, heart rate, respiration rate, body temp, eye movement

Front 2

What are the results of sleep deprivation in humans?

Back 2

- not really a detriment to behavior
- can still complete basic tasks
- harder to do complicated tasks
- increased irritability

Front 3

What are the results of sleep deprivation in animals/rats?

Back 3

- weak & uncoordinated
- can't regulate body temperature
- increased metabolism
- stopped grooming
- "sick"

Front 4

Recovery from sleep deprivation in humans:

Back 4

- 1st night: 14 hours
- 2nd night: 3 extra hours
- 3rd night: back to regular schedule

Front 5

________ waves have regular and low frequencies with high voltage.

Back 5

Alpha

Front 6

_______________ occur when you are alert, aroused, and concentrating.

Back 6

Beta waves

Front 7

Alpha waves use neural _______ and beta waves use neural __________.

Back 7

synchrony---desynchrony

Front 8

When do alpha waves occur?

Back 8

When you are relaxed

Front 9

What are the characteristics of beta waves?

Back 9

irregular, high frequency & low voltage

Front 10

How many stages of sleep are there an how long do they each last?

Back 10

4 stages, 10-15 mins each

Front 11

What kind of waves occur during the first stage of sleep?

Back 11

Theta waves mixed with beta waves

Front 12

What stage of sleep is occurring when only theta waves are present?

Back 12

Stage 2

Front 13

What is the purpose of a sleep spindle?

Back 13

to block out general sensory information so that you can stay asleep

Front 14

What is the purpose of a k complex?

Back 14

triggered by a noise to block out auditory stimuli in order to stay asleep

Front 15

What stage(s) do sleep spindles & k-complexes occur?

Back 15

both begin in stage 2, sleep spindles continue into stages 3 & 4

Front 16

Delta waves begin to appear at what stage of sleep?

Back 16

Stage 3

Front 17

Based on brain waves, when can you determine that stage 4 sleep has started?

Back 17

Delta waves make up more than 50% of the brain activity

Front 18

How long is the average sleep cycle? What order do the stages go in?

Back 18

Typically 90 minutes, ALWAYS 1-4! If you wake up, then you will start back at stage 1 regardless of the stage you were in before being woken up.

Front 19

When does REM occur?

Back 19

In stage 1 sleep, AFTER the first sleep cycle has been completed

Front 20

What brain waves occur during REM?

Back 20

Alpha

Front 21

How can you wake someone up during REM?

Back 21

use a meaningful stimuli (i.e. say their name)

Front 22

How many REM cycles are there per night?

Back 22

4-6

Front 23

Why is REM called paradoxical sleep?

Back 23

the brain waves make it look like you're awake; but you're not

Front 24

Do infants or adults get more REM?

Back 24

Infants

Front 25

What is REM rebound?

Back 25

making up for missed REM cycles the following night

Front 26

How does missing REM effect your behavior?

Back 26

personality changes, poor memory, increased anxiousness

Front 27

Do dreams occur in "real-time"?

Back 27

Yes

Front 28

Do dreams incorporate external stimuli?

Back 28

Yes

Front 29

Why do we not remember our dreams?

Back 29

The frontal lobe is not active while we are sleeping

Front 30

What are the two models of dreams?

Back 30

Activation Synthesis & Clinical-Atomical

Front 31

Where does the Activation Synthesis model begin?

Back 31

Pons

Front 32

What waves are active during dreams according to the Activation Synthesis model?

Back 32

Pons Geniculate Occipital waves (PGO)

Front 33

Where is the Pons located?

Back 33

Thalamus

Front 34

According to the Activation Synthesis model, where are dreams being generated?

Back 34

PGO waves trigger random images which creates sensory stimuli from within that the cortex uses to construct a dream

Front 35

What is the biggest difference between the Activation Synthesis model and the Clinical-Atomical model?

Back 35

The Clinical-Atomical model holds that waves can be formed in areas of the brain other than the Pons

Front 36

What do both models have in common?

Back 36

dreams have no meaning as you are likely to just dream about random things that are on your mind

Front 37

People with insomnia tend to think that they sleep _______ than they actually do.

Back 37

Less

Front 38

What are the three kinds of insomnia?

Back 38

Onset
Termination
Maintenance

Front 39

Onset Insomnia

Back 39

difficulty falling asleep

Front 40

Termination Insomnia

Back 40

waking up earlier and not being able to fall back asleep

Front 41

Maintenance Insomnia

Back 41

waking up multiple times throughout the night

Front 42

What is the cause of insomnia?

Back 42

typically the symptom of another psychological problem

Front 43

Why are pills a bad form of treatment for insomnia

Back 43

a tolerance is built for the pills which also reduce time spent in stage 3&4 sleep which increases fatigue

Front 44

What is the behavioral treatment for insomnia?

Back 44

not to do anything but sleep in bed so the the bed becomes a stimulus for sleep

Front 45

What is parainsomnia?

Back 45

the person believes that they were awake for the night because they dreamed that they were.... in reality, they slept; unfortunately, they do not feel rested

Front 46

What is sleep apnea?

Back 46

breathing stops for brief periods of time throughout the night. these periods are long enough to wake the person up and interupt stage 3&4 sleep

Front 47

What are possible causes for sleep apnea?

Back 47

physiological causes (i.e. obstruction to the airways)
- being male increases risk
- being overweight increases risk

Front 48

What are common treatments for sleep apnea?

Back 48

sitting up in bed or using a breathing machine at night

Front 49

What are the 5 symptoms of narcolepsy that were discussed in class?

Back 49

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness(EDS), Sleep Attack, Cataplexy, Sleep Paralysis, Hyponagogic hallucinations

Front 50

_________ occurs when someone falls into REM sleep while doing something else.

Back 50

Sleep Attack

Front 51

Paralysis from ___________ occurs when an individual is fully conscious while ____________ occurs immediately before or after sleep.

Back 51

Cataplexy---- Sleep Paralysis

Front 52

What is a Hyponagogic Hallucination?

Back 52

an individual is fully conscious but enters into REM sleep. They become paralyzed and see their dreams while continuing to be aware of their surroundings.

Front 53

Is narcolepsy primarily attributed to the environment or genetics based on concordance rates?

Back 53

More to the environment since concordance is only 20%

Front 54

What is the genetic component of narcolepsy?

Back 54

there is a specific gene

Front 55

Why is narcolepsy difficult to treat?

Back 55

there are multiple neurotransmitters that are effected

Front 56

What is the typical treatment for narcolepsy?

Back 56

stimulant medication

Front 57

REM Behavior D/O

Back 57

there is no atonia and the individual will act out their dreams

common in individuals with Parkinsons
Something is wrong with the Pons

Front 58

Atonia

Back 58

lack of muscle activity or paralysis

Front 59

What are the three types of Slow Wave Sleep d/os

Back 59

Night Terrors
Sleep Walking
Sleep Talking

Front 60

Why do slow wave sleep d/os involve movement?

Back 60

there is no Atonia during slow wave sleep

Front 61

Why is it difficult to wake someone up who is experiencing a slow wave sleep d/o?

Back 61

they are in the deepest stages of sleep

Front 62

Where are biological clocks "located"?

Back 62

Hypothalamus

Front 63

_________ generates neurorhythms.

Back 63

Supachaismatic Nucleus (SCN)

Front 64

What are neurorhytms?

Back 64

action potentials that are being sent at a constant rate

Front 65

What resets circadian rhythms?

Back 65

Zeitberger/light through the retino-hypothalamic SCN pathway

Front 66

Retnio Hypothalamic SCN Pathway

Back 66

SCN stimulates Thalamus>>>Endocrine System>>> Pineal Gland>>> Melatonin>>>Sleep

Front 67

What system helps to end the sleep cycle?

Back 67

Ascending Reticular ACtivating System (ARAS) in the reticular formation

Front 68

What system helps to induce sleep?

Back 68

Raphe System of neurons in the Pons and Medulla