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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What part of the brain is used for language?
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Predominantly the left (90% of total population)
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What are cerebrovascular accidents?
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a stroke; obstructions of blood flow to the brain
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What is aphasia?
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Difficulty in producing or comprehending speech not due to deafness or simple motor deficit; due to brain damage
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How is the right hemisphere of the brain involved in language?
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Prosody, expression of emotion, spatial perception, organizing sequences
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Where and what is Broca's area?
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The region of the frontal cortex, just rostral to the base of the PMC. Necessary for speech production
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What does Broca's area contain that helps with speech production?
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Broca's area contains the "programs" or memories of sequences of muscle movements required for speech production.
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What is Broca's aphasia?
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A form of aphasia characterized by agrammatism, anomia and difficulty in speech articulation. Damage to frontal lobe, can't convert thoughts into speech. Caused by damage to Broca's area & surrounding areas. Lesions to Basal Ganglia can also cause Broca's Aphasia
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What are function words?
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A preposition, article or other word that conveys little meaning but is important for grammatical structure
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What are content words?
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A noun, verb, adj or adv that conveys meaning
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What are three major deficits from lesions in and around Broca's area?
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1. Agrammatism 2. Anomia 3. Difficulty with articulation
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What are agrammatism, anomia and difficulty with articulation caused from?
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Lesions to and around Broca's area
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What is agrammatism?
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One of the usual symptoms of Broca's aphasia. Difficulty comprehending or properly employing grammatical devices, such as verb endings or word order. Studies have shown Broca's aphasia also interfere with comprehension of grammar.
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What is anomia?
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difficulty in finding (or remembering) the appropriate word to describe an object, action or attribute; one of the symptoms of aphasia
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What is difficulty with articulation?
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Mispronunciations
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What is the hierarchy of articulation, anomia and agrammatism?
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Anomia - Articulation - Agrammatism (Agrammatism is the hardest)
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What is the insular cortex?
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Cortex located BEHIND the wall of the cerebral hemisphere behind the anterior temporal lobe. Lesions here will produce apraxia of speech.
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What is apraxia of speech and how is it caused?
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Apraxia of speech is an impairment in the ability to program the movements of the tongue, lips and throat required to produce the proper sequence of speech sounds
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Where is the brain part for the pronunciation of words?
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Left anterior insula
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What is Wernicke's area?
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A region of the auditory association cortex on the LEFT temporal lobe in humans, which is important in comprehension of words and production of meaningful speech.
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What is Wernicke's aphasia?
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A form of aphasia characterized by poor speech comprehension and fluent but MEANINGLESS speech
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What is pure word deafness?
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The ability to hear, speak and usually to read and write without being able to comprehend the meaning of speech. Caused by damage to Wernicke's area or disruption of audtiory input to this region . Two types of brain injury cause this: 1) Auditory input to superior temporal cortex 2) damage to superior temporal cortex itself
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Transcortical sensory aphasia?
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A speech disorder in which a person has difficulty comprehending speech and producing meaningful spontaneous speech but can REPEAT speech; caused by damage to region of brain POSTERIOR to Wernicke's area.
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What is WA = TSA + PWD?
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Wernicke's aphasia is transcortical sensory aphasia (can repeat) and pure word deafness (no comprehension)
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What happens if you damage the posterior language area?
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No comprehension or memories linking things together
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What hemisphere of the brain was activated by fables?
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The right hemisphere
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What is conduction aphasia?
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An aphasia characterized by the inability to repeat words but the ability to speak normally and comprehend words. CANT REPEAT
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What is the arcuate fasciculus?
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A bundle of axons that connect Wernicke's area to Broca's area; damage to this causes conduction aphasia - you can't repeat
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What are the branches of the arcuate fasciculus?
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The anterior segment goes to Broca's area to posterior parietal lobe. The posterior segment goes to Wernicke's area to posterior parietal lobe.
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What are circumlocutions?
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A strategy by which people with anomia find alternative ways to describe something when they are unable to think of the most appropriate word
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What causes fluent anomia?
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Only lesions to posterior region of the brain cause fluent anomia.
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What is the language loop?
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Wernicke's area - sensory/motor association - posterior language area - Broca's area
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Which hemisphere do deaf people use?
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Deaf people still use the left hemisphere for language
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What is prosody and what hemisphere is it located in?
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Prosody are the changes in intonation and emphasis to convey meaning of something besides that specified by particular words; communicates emotion. Right hemisphere
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What is phonoagnosia?
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Brain damage that causes the inability to recognize speakers' voices
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What causes stuttering?
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Abnormailities in the neural circuits for motor programs for speech as well as an underactivated temporal cortex and overactivated Broca's area and insula. Faulty auditory feedback also causes stuttering.
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Someone with Wernicke's aphasia would have the same amount of trouble reading/writing and speaking/understanding
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True
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Someone with Broca's aphasia would still be able to have grammatical writing
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False
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Conduction aphasia would still allow readers to make subsitutions
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False
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Transcortical aphasia cannot comprehend what they are reading
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True
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What is the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA)?
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A region of the fusiform gyrus on the base of the temporal lobe that is critical for whole word recognition
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What is dyslexia?
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Faulty reading
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What is surface dyslexia?
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A reading disorder in which the person can only read phonetically and not irregular spelled words by the whole word method
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What is phonological dyslexia?
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A reading disorder in which a person can read familiar words but has difficulty reading unfamiliar words or pronunceable nonwords
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What area of the brain is used for whole word reading?
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VWFA
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What area of the brain is used for phonetic reading?
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Not certain. Inferior parietal lobe/superior temporal lobe to inferior frontal cortex (Broca's area) because SOUNDING OUT
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What is the neural circuit of spoken words?
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Auditory cortex - auditory association - superior temporal lobe (Wernicke's) - inferior frontal lobe (Broca's)
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What is the neural cirtcuit of written words?
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Visual cortex - base of temporal lobe (VWFA) - inferior frontal cortex (Broca) (little tempoparietal, not need to sound out)
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What is direct dyslexia?
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A language disorder caused by brain damage to a person who can read words without understanding them (akin to transcortical pathway damage and repeating)
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What is developmental dyslexia?
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A reading difficulty in a person of normal intelligence and perceptual ability; caused by genetics or prenatal/perinatal factors. Broca's area work overtime because VWFA not doing its job properly
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What is dysgraphia?
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Unable to write
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Where is the motor control for writing located in the brain?
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Dorsoparietal lobe and premotor cortex
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What is phonological dysgraphia?
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A writing disorder in which a person cannout sound out words and write them phonetically
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What causes phonological dysgraphia?
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Damage to Broca's area, precentral gyrus and insula (sounding out areas)
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What is orthographic dysgraphia?
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A writing disorder in which a person can spell regularly spelled word but irregular spelled words.
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What causes orthographic dysgraphia?
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Damage to VWFA and posterior inferior temporal cortex (the area that help spell irregular words)
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What is direct dysgraphia?
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Cannot write down thoughts. Write without understanding.
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