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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Consciousness
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Awareness of ability to communicate, about ones thoughts, perceptions, memories, and feelings
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Blindsight
What type of damage causes this |
The ability of a person who cannot see objects in
his or her blind field to accurately reach for them while remaining unconscious of perceiving them; caused by damage to the “mammalian” visual system of the brain. |
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What do blindsigt symptoms tell us?
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These symptoms indicate that a common belief that perceptions must enter consciousness to affect our behavior is incorrect.
Our behavior is guided by sensory information of which we are completely unaware |
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Human Visual Systems
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Primitive, complex, and mammalian visual systems
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Primitive Visual System
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controls primitive behavioral mechanisms such as
eye and head moments reaching movements with hands other simple behaviors |
a person is not aware of visual information being received by this system
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Mammalian Visual System
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controls speech
other complex behaviors |
damage abolishes perception and awareness of visual stimuli
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Corpus Callosum
Function |
the largest comissure of the brain
interconnects the areas of the neocortex on each side of the brain |
in cases of epilepsy... is cut at the midline
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Functions of Left hemisphere
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dominant in language, and analytical ability
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Functions of right hemisphere
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pattern recognition, musical creation, singing, recognizing faces
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Unilateral neglect
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A syndrome in which people ignore objects located toward their left and the left sides of objects located anywhere. caused by damage to the parietal lobe.
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Decartes
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Father of Modern Philosophy
Reflexes – automatic, stereotyped movement that is produced as a direct result of a stimulus. Dualism But his thinking differed from that of his predecessors in one important way: He was the first to suggest that a link exists between the human mind and its purely physical housing, the brain. Pineal Body |
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Herman Von Helmholtz
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Helmholtz was also the first scientist to attempt to
measure the speed of conduction through nerves Scientists had previously believed that such conduction was identical to the conduction that occurs in wires, traveling at approximately the speed of light. Helmholtz found that neural conduction was much slower—only about 90 feet per second. Helmholtz devised a mathematical formulation of the law of conservation of energy; invented the ophthalmoscope (used to examine the retina of the eye); devised an important and influential theory of color vision and color blindness; and studied audition, music, and many physiological processes. |
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Hypothalamus
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v
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Amygdala
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v
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Hippocampus
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v
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Pineal Body
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Reflex was fluid would run from part to the pineal body that is how pain was felt
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Functionalism
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a
belief that characteristics of living organisms perform useful functions. In order to understand the physiological basis of various various behaviors we must first understand behaviors, we must first understand what these behaviors accomplish |
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Doctrine of specific nerve energies
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Johannes Müller
Müller observed that although all nerves carry the same basic message—an electrical impulse—we perceive the messages of different nerves in different ways |
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Adaptation
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Caused by Differential
reproductive success Shapes Shapes organisms to organisms to match their environment |
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The principle of natural selection
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the process by which inherited traits that confer a selective
advantage (increase an animal’s likelihood to live and reproduce) become more prevalent in a population process of differential survival and reproduction that inevitably leads to changes in allele frequencies over time as those individuals who are the most "fit" survive and leave more offspring. NOT SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST!! |
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Mutations
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a change in the genetic information
contained in the chromosomes of sperms or eggs, which can be passed on to an organism’s offspring. |
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Evolution
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a g g gradual change in the
structure and physiology of plant and animal species—generally producing more complex organisms—as a result of natural selection |
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Neoteny
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a slowing of the process of maturation, allowing more
time for growth; an important factor in the development of large brains |
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Use of animals/ human for testing
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location
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sensory neurons
location |
neuron that detects changes in the external or internal environment and sends information about these changes to the central nervous system.
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motor neurons
location |
a neuron located within the cns that controls the contraction of a muscle or a secretion gland
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Intertneurons
location |
only in cns between neurons
allow information spread between cns stregnthens and weakens synapses |
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bipolar nueron
location |
A neuron with on axon and one dendrite attached to the soma
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multipolar neuron
location |
A neuron with one axon and many dendrites attached to the soma
most common type found in the cns |
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unipolar neuron
location |
A neuron with one axon
the axon divides one branch receives sensory info other branch sends info to cns |
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schwann cells / Oligodendrocytes
location |
cells of the PNS that myelinate axons
grab onto one axon Digest damaged nerves and help repair |
oligodencrocytes in cns. also mylenate cells
grab onto multiple do not repair |
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most common neuron type in the cns
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multipolar
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synapse
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junction ( space) between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another
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cell membrane
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m
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ribosomes
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A cytoplasmic structure that is made out of protein and makes protein to be translated into rNA
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mitochondria
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extracts energy from nutrients makes (ATP)
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microtubules
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largest proteins that build up extracellular matrix
bundles of 13 protein filaments around a hollow core are used to transport essential molecules to axons |
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axoplasmic transport
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the active process by which substances (nutrients fro soma are propelled along microtubules that run along the length of the axon
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Antegrade transport
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in a direction along an axon FROM the cell body TOWARD the terminal buttons
Accomplished by protein Kinesin, In cell body molecules resemble a pair of leges and feet. they attach to the item being transported down the axon. The kinesin molecule then walks down a microtuble carrrying the cargo to its destination. ACTIVE- > supplied by ATP from the mitochondria FAST!!!!! 500 mm per day |
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retrograde transport
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Protein called Dyenin carries substances FROM terinal buttons to the soma
1/2 the speed of Antegrade |
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Glial/ Neuroglial cells
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glue cells together in cns. control supply of nutrients
ex astrocytes and oligodendrocytes |
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Astrocyte
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Star shaped
feed neurons release of glucose -> lactate physical support clean debri within brain |
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Scar tissue in brain
Causes implications |
CNS budding nerves incounter scar tissue produced by astrocytes after damage.
new cells cannot grow as a result no guidence like with schwan cells |
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mylenination
purpose |
insults axon... speads up action potential response.
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regrowth of damage axon
where is this possible how |
pns Schwan cells guide
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blood brain barrier
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semiperimiable only lets certain things from your circulatory system to your brain.
regulates flow of nutrients in and out O2 CO Cocaine |
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Neuronal Direction
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from dendrites to soma to axon to terminal buttons
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Properties of neuron at rest
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m
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Properties of neuron depolarized
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m
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Properties of neuron repolarized
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m
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threshold of excitation
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m
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refractory period
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m
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diffusion
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m
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electrostatic pressure
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m
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Before Action potential
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m
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During Action potential
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m
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After Action potential
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m
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what do ions do from soma to terminal button
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m
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rate law
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m
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all or none
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m
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parts of a neuron
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m
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metabotropic receptors
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receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter; activates an enzyme that begins a series of events that open an ion channel.
secondary messengers linked to g proteins which when activated open ion channels by producing a second messenger |
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ionotropic receptors
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receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter and an ion that opens when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site FAST
ligand binds directly |
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EPSP
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excitatory postsynaptic potential
occur when na+ enters the cell |
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IPSP
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inhibitory post synaptic potential
occurs when k+ leaves cell or cl- enters it |
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ligands
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receptors
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autoreceptors
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specialized receptors located on a neuron that respond to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron
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pre/post synaptic facilitation
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action of presynaptic terminal button in axoaxonic synapse; increases the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button
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gap junction
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special junction between cells that permits direct communication by means of electrical coupling
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nt
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chemical or gas released by terminal button that has excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron
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neuromodulators
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naturally secreted substance that acts like a neurotransmitter except that it is not restricted to the synaptic cleft.
travels throughout body prelongs signal types peptide hormone & steriod peptide and hormone activate metabotropic peptide receptors located in the membrane. their effects are mediated through production of second messengers steriod hormones enter nucleus where they bind with receptors that are capable of altering the synthesis of proteins that regulate the cells physiological processes. can also bind else where in body but their function is not yet fully known hormones steriods etc long lasting |
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steriods
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hormones that affect their target cells by attaching to receptors in nucleous
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cadual
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towards the tail with respect to the cns in a direction along the neuroaxis away from front of the face
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inferior
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below
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lateral
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towards the side of the body away from middle
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ipsilateral
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located on the same side of the body
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contralateral
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located on opposite sides of the body
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rostral
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towards beak with respect to cns in a direction along the neuroaxis toward the front of the face
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superior
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above
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autonomic nervous system
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the portion of the peripheral nervous system that
controls the body’s vegetative functions • The ANS consists of two anatomically separate systems: the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. With few exceptions, organs of the body are innervated by both of these subdivisions, and each has a different effect. |
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peripheral nervous system
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everything else
bundle of axons traveling together is called a nerve group of cell bodies is called a ganglion |
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somatic nervous system
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the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls
the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous syste |
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal chord
bundle of axons traveling together in cns are called tracts a group of cell bodies is called a nucleus |
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sympathethic nervous system
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• the portion of the autonomic nervous system that
contt l f ti th t l d rols functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy |
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parasympathethic nervous system
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• the p y portion of the autonomic nervous system that
controls functions that occur during a relaxed state • The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system supports activities that are involved with increases in the body’s supply of stored energy. • These activities include salivation, gastric and intestinal motility, secretion of digestive juices, and increased blood flow to the gastrointestinal system. |
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brain meninges
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protective sheath around the brain and spinal chord
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ventricles
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hollow spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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midbrain
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mesenchephalon
surrounds cerebral aqueduct and consists of two parts: the tectum and tegmentum |
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forebrain
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surrounds the rostral end of the neural tube. its two major components are the telecepholon and the diencephalon.
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embyronic neuron formation
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m
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apoptosis
cell death |
m
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brain development be modified
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m
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neurogenesis
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m
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Fissure
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major groove in the surface of the brain larger than sulcus
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gyrus
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convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres
are separted by gyrus and sulci |
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sulcus
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groove in the surface of the brain smaller than a fissure
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primary visual cortex
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region of the posterior occtipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system
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primary auditory cortex
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recieves auditory info
in superior temporal lobe whose primary imput is from the auditory system located on the lower surface of a deep fissure in the side of the brain (lateral fissure) |
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primary somatosensory cortex
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caudual to centra sulcus recieves info from bodily sense
located in anterior parietal lobe |
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cauda equine
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m
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afferent
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m
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efferent
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m
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dorsal root
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M
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ventral root
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M
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norepinephrine
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M
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epinephrine
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M
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acetylcholine
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M
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glutamate
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M
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seritonin
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M
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dopamine
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M
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histamine
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M
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gaba
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M
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glycine
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m
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drug
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m
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lipid solubility/ water solubility
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m
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metabolism of drug
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m
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excretion of drug
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m
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sensitization
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m
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withdrawal
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m
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affinity
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m
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tolerance
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m
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theraputic index
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m
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direct agonist
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m
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indirect agonist
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m
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direct antagonist
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m
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indirect antagonist
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m
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where is dopaminergic system
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m
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where is cholinergic system
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m
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muscarninc receptor
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m
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nicotinic receptor
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m
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nmda receptor
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m
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neuropeptides
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m
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opioid
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m
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opiates
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m
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nitric oxide
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m
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caffeine effects
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m
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Dualism
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The belief that the body is physical
but the mind (or soul) is not. |
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Monism
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The belief that the world consists
only of matter and energy and that the mind is a phenomenon produced by the workings of the nervous system. |
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Damage to what system causes blindsight
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While the mammilian visual system is damaged, the primitive visual system is not. Therefore although person cannot see, can still perform function
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oligodencrocytes
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oligodencrocytes in cns. also mylenate cells
grab onto multiple do not repair |
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Parts of the diencephalon
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thalamus- above hypothalamus nuclei that project info to specific regions of cortex and recieve info from it
hypothalamus regulation of autonomic ns, control of anterior and posterior pituitary glands, and integration of species specific behaviors |
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Limbic system and hypothalamus
controls |
emotion
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Diencephalon
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region of forebrain- thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland
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Function of Diencephalon
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Thalamus- relay center for sensory info
Epithalamus- contains choroid plexus- csf Hypothalmus- control of visceral functions; contains centers for thirst, eating, Tb, emotion Also control ant. Pituitary by hormones |
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Midbrain
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- colliculi- involves in auditory and visual reflexes
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Hindbrain-
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pons and cerebellum, medulla oblongata
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Hind brain function
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Pons- site of origination of some cranial nerves
Cerebellum- control of muscular movement- fine motor movement and equilibrium Medulla oblongata- center for regulation of vital functions- breathing, and cardiovascular system |
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CEREBRUM - TELENCEPHALON
Function |
1. Conscious thought process; intellectual functions
2. Memory storage and processing 3. Control of voluntary somatic motor activity |
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DIENCEPHLON; THALAMUS
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Relay and processing center for sensory information
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DIENCEPHLON; HYPOTHALAMUS
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Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions,
and hormone production |
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MESENCEPHALON; MIDBRAIN
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1. Processing of visual and auditory data and control
of reflexive responses 2. Maintenance of consciousness |
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PONS ;METENCEPHALON
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1. Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus
2. Somatic and visceral motor centers |
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MEDULLA OBLONGATA; MYELENCEPHALON
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1. Relays sensory information to thalamus
2. Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral functions such as cardiovascular and digestive activities |
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Spinal cord:
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Ascending tracts- carry sensory info from sensory organs to the spinal cord, and to the brain
Descending tracts- motor tracts |
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Cranial nerves-
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12 pairs; most are mixed
31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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CEREBRUM - TELENCEPHALON
Function |
1. Conscious thought process; intellectual functions
2. Memory storage and processing 3. Control of voluntary somatic motor activity |
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Dorsal root
in dorsal root ganglion |
- sensory fibers; cell bodies -in dorsal root ganglion
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DIENCEPHLON; THALAMUS
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Relay and processing center for sensory information
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Ventral root-
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motor fibers
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DIENCEPHLON; HYPOTHALAMUS
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Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions,
and hormone production |
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MESENCEPHALON; MIDBRAIN
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1. Processing of visual and auditory data and control
of reflexive responses 2. Maintenance of consciousness |
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PONS ;METENCEPHALON
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1. Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus
2. Somatic and visceral motor centers |
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MEDULLA OBLONGATA; MYELENCEPHALON
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1. Relays sensory information to thalamus
2. Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral functions such as cardiovascular and digestive activities |
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Spinal cord:
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Ascending tracts- carry sensory info from sensory organs to the spinal cord, and to the brain
Descending tracts- motor tracts |
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Cranial nerves-
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12 pairs; most are mixed
31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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Dorsal root
in dorsal root ganglion |
- sensory fibers; cell bodies -in dorsal root ganglion
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Ventral root-
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motor fibers
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Reflex arc-
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involves a sensory neuron and a motor neuron. One or association neurons may be involved
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limbic system
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thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus
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