Physio Test 1 - Eye

Front 1

Tunica Fibrosa

Back 1

cornea, limbus, sclera

Front 2

Cornea

Back 2

avascular, transparent, allows light into eye. 2 layers of epithelium w/ stroma in btw

Front 3

Limbus

Back 3

juncture btw cornea, sclera; fluid drains here to reach canal of schlemm

Front 4

Sclera

Back 4

dense CT, maintains size/shape of eye

Front 5

Vascular layer

Back 5

choroid, iris, lens, ciliary body

Front 6

choroid

Back 6

vascularized, pigmented layer internal to sclera that absorbs stray light to boost visual acuity and allows for nutrient/waste exchange with retina

Front 7

iris

Back 7

adjusts amount of light entering eye by altering size of pupil.

Front 8

dilater pupillae

Back 8

located in the internal epithelium of the iris

Front 9

sphincter pupillae

Back 9

located in the stroma of the iris

Front 10

ciliary body

Back 10

outer layer produces aqueous humor that is secreted in to posterior chamber; stromal portion is smooth muscle that controls the focal power of the lens. holds lens in place with zonule fibers

Front 11

Contraction of ciliary body

Back 11

relaxes tension on zonule fibers of lens, and lens accommodates (rounds up for near vision)

Front 12

Relaxation of ciliary body

Back 12

makes lens more flat for far vision

Front 13

Glaucoma

Back 13

problem draining fluid from canals of Schlemm; increased pressure damages cells that form optic nerve.

Front 14

lens

Back 14

refracts light entering through pupil and forms image on retina. held in place by zonula fibers, vitreous body. Proliferates outward (innermost part is embryonic part)

Front 15

Parts of lens

Back 15

lens capsule (basement membrane, collagen); subcapsular epithelium (layer of cuboidal cells); lens fibers (long, thin epithelial cells)

Front 16

Cataracs

Back 16

loss of lens transparency

Front 17

Presbyopia

Back 17

loss of accommodation of lens (loss of elasticity). Trouble seeing near objects

Front 18

Vitreous body

Back 18

firm, transparent, gelatinous material posterior to lens. Nonrefractive optical medium for transmission of light to retina.

Front 19

Neural Tunic

Back 19

2 closely applied epithelia not attached by junctional complexes. Retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina.

Front 20

Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Back 20

outer epithelium, cuboidal/columnar. interdigitate w/ rods and cones

Front 21

Neural Retina

Back 21

expands from ora serrata to form layers. 3 sequential rows of neurons along w/ inerneurons and supporting cells.

Front 22

Rods

Back 22

dimlight vision; contain rhodopsin

Front 23

cones

Back 23

bright light and color vision. 3 unique opsins absorb red, blue, green.

Front 24

fovea

Back 24

aka macula. contains only cones, has best visual acuity.

Front 25

photoreceptor distribution

Back 25

rods absent from fovea but dense elsewhere, peaking mid-eye. no photoreceptors in optic disk (blind spot)

Front 26

optic disk

Back 26

unmyelinated axons exit sclera here and then become myelinated, carry signals to rest of CNS.

Front 27

Retinitis pigmentosa

Back 27

apoptosis of rods; night blindness and loss of peripheral vision. Autosomal dominant.

Front 28

Macula Degeneration

Back 28

destruction of macula (central vision)

Front 29

parts of the cornea

Back 29

anterior epithelium, stroma, posterior epithelium

Front 30

anterior epithelium of cornea

Back 30

stratified squamous; Bowman's

Front 31

posterior epithelium of cornea

Back 31

simple squamous; Descemet's

Front 32

layers of the neural retina

Back 32

internal limiting, optic nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform, inner nuclear, outer plexiform, outer nuclear, outer limiting, photo receptor layer. (retina, choroid)

Front 33

internal limiting

Back 33

bases of mueller cells make up this lining

Front 34

ganglion cell layer

Back 34

innermost part of neural retina, vascularized. optic fibers exit here

Front 35

inner plexiform

Back 35

synapses, processes of retinal ganglion cells and bipolar neurons.

Front 36

inner nuclear

Back 36

cell bodies of bipolar neurons

Front 37

outer plexiform

Back 37

synapses, processes of bipolar neurons, photoreceptor cells

Front 38

outer nuclear

Back 38

cell bodies of rods/cones

Front 39

outer limiting

Back 39

mueller cells form TJ with photoreceptor cells here

Front 40

photoreceptor layer

Back 40

photoreceptors here

Front 41

pigment cells

Back 41

retinal pigment epithelium

Front 42

retinal mnemonic

Back 42

my nerves get in knots outside our easy practice review

Front 43

on-center ganglion cells

Back 43

excited by light in center; inhibited by light in periph

Front 44

off-center ganglion cells

Back 44

excited by light in periph, inhibited by light in center

Front 45

Ganglion cell preference

Back 45

depends on the glutamate receptors of the bipolar cells that innervate it.

Front 46

M cells

Back 46

large, mainly rods, encode motion info. larger receptive field, more rapidly adapting than P cells

Front 47

P cells

Back 47

smaller, mainly cones that encode color/detail (red/green)

Front 48

K cells

Back 48

small, mainly cones that encode blue color

Front 49

Layers of LGN

Back 49

2 ventral layers for M cells (1 layer for each eye); 4 dorsal layers for P cells (layers alternate btw eyes). K cell info in thin layers ventral to all of these.
Info segregated by eye and ganglion cell type.

Front 50

Organization in primary visual cortex

Back 50

Parallel optic radiation pathways convey M, P cell info to visual cortex. Cortex organized into columns w/ ocular dominance.

Front 51

ventral stream

Back 51

P cell info, deals w/ high-resolution vision, object recognition. Temporal lobe.

Front 52

dorsal stream

Back 52

M cell info, deals w/ spatial information. Parietal lobe.