• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/86

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

86 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
free nerve endings
pain, tickle, itch, temp.
touch receptors
encapsulated dendrites, sense pressure and vibration
special sensory receptors
vision, taste, hearing, balance
phasic receptors
rapidly adapting receptors for smell, pressure, and touch
tonic receptors
slowly adapting receptors for body position
localization
due to overlapping receptor fields (2 neurons detect 3 locations)
lateral inhibition
when an active nerve will inhibit other nerves around it from being stimulated by a stimulus in the receptor field
meissner's corpuscles
dendrites in CT, discriminative touch & fine vibration, phasic receptors
Merkels discs
free nerve endings, tonic, used in discriminative touch
ruffini corpuscle
type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor ---are encapsulated & tonic, feel deep touch, continuous touch, stretch and pressure
pacinian corpuscle
onion like- encapsulates, phasic, senses deep pressure, high frequency vibration, diffuse vibration
cold receptors
free nerve endings in stratum basale, respond b/t 50-105
warm receptors
in dermis respond to temps b/t 90-118 degrees
bradykinin
most potent pain stimulus, little adaptation occurs
nociceptors
free nerve endings, sense pain. Found everywhere except the brain
tissue injury releases:
K+. Kinins, seretonin, histamine, or prostglandins
fast pain
not felt in deeper tissues, large A delta fibers
slow pain
chronic, in superficial and deeper tissues, smaller C fibers
superficial somatic pain
in skin areas
deep somatic areas
from muscle, joints, tendons, & fascia
free nerve endings
pain, tickle, itch, temp.
touch receptors
encapsulated dendrites, sense pressure and vibration
special sensory receptors
vision, taste, hearing, balance
phasic receptors
rapidly adapting receptors for smell, pressure, and touch
tonic receptors
slowly adapting receptors for body position
localization
due to overlapping receptor fields (2 neurons detect 3 locations)
lateral inhibition
when an active nerve will inhibit other nerves around it from being stimulated by a stimulus in the receptor field
meissner's corpuscles
dendrites in CT, discriminative touch & fine vibration, phasic receptors
Merkels discs
free nerve endings, tonic, used in discriminative touch
ruffini corpuscle
type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor ---are encapsulated & tonic, feel deep touch, continuous touch, stretch and pressure
pacinian corpuscle
onion like- encapsulates, phasic, senses deep pressure, high frequency vibration, diffuse vibration
cold receptors
free nerve endings in stratum basale, respond b/t 50-105
warm receptors
in dermis respond to temps b/t 90-118 degrees
bradykinin
most potent pain stimulus, little adaptation occurs
nociceptors
free nerve endings, sense pain. Found everywhere except the brain
tissue injury releases:
K+. Kinins, seretonin, histamine, or prostglandins
fast pain
not felt in deeper tissues, large A delta fibers
slow pain
chronic, in superficial and deeper tissues, smaller C fibers
superficial somatic pain
in skin areas
deep somatic areas
from muscle, joints, tendons, & fascia
visceral pain
organ pain---cutting causes no pain but distension can cause severe pain
referred pain
felt in skin area overlying an organ or an area far away but has common innervation
aspirin and ibuprofen
block formation of prostaglandins
novocaine
blocks conduction of nerve impulses along pain fibers
morphine
lessen the perception of pain
enkephalins
endogenous analgesic= 200 x more potent than morphine
gate control theory
theory that as long as there is balance b/t large and small fibers there will be continuous inhibtion of pain fibers
descending pathway mechanism of gate control
desceding interneurons from the cortex, reach the medulla and secrete enkephalins and synapse on 2nd order neurons thus inhibiting them
Muscle spindles
innervated by gamma motor neurons
are intrafusal muscle fibers
leads to muscle contraction
golgi tendon organs
at junction of tendon and muscle
when tendon is overly stretched it leads to relaxation
ruffini corpuscles in joints
found in the joint capsule and responds to pressure
pacinian corpuscles
in CR around the joint

responds to acceleration and deceleration of the joint
first order neurons (somatic sensory)
conducts impulses to brainstem or cord
second order neurons (somatic sensory)
impulses from cord or brainstem to thalamus and decussates before reaching the thalamus
dorsal columns- medial lemniscal system
for fine touch, stereognosis, proprioception, kinesthesia
stereognosis
ability to recognize size, shape, texture
proprioception
awareness of precise body position and weight discrimination
kinesthesia
awareness of direction of movement
spinothalamic/anterolateral system
carries crude senses
senses carried by spinothalamic/anterolateral system
pain
thermal sensation
crude touch and pressure
itch and tickle
sexual sensations
spinocerebellar (anterior and posterior)
proprioception
pathway of dorsal column/medial lemniscus
1. into DRG go to medulla and decussate
2. becomes medial lemniscus and goes to the thalamus
3. synapses in the thalamus and goes to the cortex ---sensory area 1 (postcentral gyrus)
1st order neuron in medial lemniscus pathway
goes up cord, synapses in medulla
2nd order neuron in medial lemniscus pathway
synapses in medulla and decussates, goes to the thalamus
3rd order neuron in medial lemniscus pathway
synapses in thalamus and goes to the cortex (sensory area 1) in the postcentral gyrus
senses carried by spinothalamic pathway
pain, temp. crude touch, itch, tickle, sexual sensations
spinothalamic tract pathway
1st order neuron: synapses in Dorsal Horn
2nd order neuron: decussates in anterior commissure-->opposite & anterior lateral white columns and ascend
3rd order neurons: synapses in thalamus and goes to cerebral cortex
anterior spinothalamic tract
carries itch, tickle, pressure, vibrations, crude touch
spinocerebellar tract
major route of proprioception, impulses go from limbs straight to inferior cerebellar peduncle on same side
basal ganglia
establishes muscle tone, & integrate semivoluntary automatic movements
direct pathways
from cerebral cortex-->cord -->muscles
indirect pathways
cortex-->basal ganglia--> thalamus-->reticular formation-->cerebellum-->cord-->muscles
primary motor area
in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
direct pathways (pyramidal tracts)
corticospinal
corticobulbar

used for precise muscular movement
lateral corticospinal tract
skilled movements (hands and feet)
90% decussation of axons in medulla
anterior corticospinal tract
control neck and trunk muscles
10% of axons decussate in the cord
corticubulbar tracts
to nuclei of CN 3, 4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12)
moves eyes, tongue, chewing, expressions and speech
indirect tracts are
rubrospinal
tectospinal
vestibulospinal
lateral reticulospinal
medial reticulospinal
rubrospinal tract
cortex-->red nucleus--> contralateral skeletal muscles
governs precise movements in distal parts of limbs
tectospinal tract
cortex-->superior colliculus-->contralateral skeletal muscle that move head and eyes
vestibulospinal tract
cortex-->vestibular nucleus-->stabilizer muscles
maintains balance in response to head movements
lateral reticulospinal tract
cortex--> reticular formation-->flexor muscles (inhibits extensors)
medial reticulospinal tract
cortex-->reticular formation--> extensor muscles (inhibits flexors)
role of basal ganglia
initiates and terminate movements
suppresses unwanted movements
damage to basal ganglia results in:
uncontrolled body movements, rigidity and tremors
cerebellar functions
learning and performing rapid coordinated movements, highly skilled movements, posture and equilibrium