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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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vasomotor (of medulla) does what to HR?
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speeds it up
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vagal center does what to HR?
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slows it
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what are the 2 places of baroreceptors for CV?
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carotid body and aortic arch
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the baroreceptors transmit information from the carotid body via what nerve?
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glossophar
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the baroreceptors transmit information from the aortic arch via what nerve?
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vagal
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Thyroid gland's effect on BMR?
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raises it
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What is the main hormone of glucose metabolism? Where does it occur?
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insulin, myuscle/adipose tissue
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Cortisol is released from what?
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zona fascigulata of A.P.
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What hormone controls ION and PROTEIN METABLOSIM?
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cortisol
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What hormone controls calcium/phosphate levesl?
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pTH
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If arterial pressure increases, the vessels stretch and it is sensed by...1... sending imulses to ...2...decreasing Q, and increasing...3...
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1 - baroreceptors
2 - vasomotor center 3 - dilation of periph vessels |
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The baroreceptor relays via glossopharyngeal nerve to what part of the brain?
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brainstem
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What is the downside to overlapping control mechanisms?
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IT IS NOT ENERGY EFFICIENT
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What syndrome is failure of Thymus to develop, resulting in no T cells? patients die early
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digeorge
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What type of NS response leads to MIOSIS?
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sympathetic
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what type of NS response leads to Mydriasis?
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PNS
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what muscle does MIOSIS?
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radial
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what muscle does mydriasis?
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sphncter/ciliary muscle
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What role does NE have in sweating?
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none
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what NT is invoved in sweating?
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Ach
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What is the main vasodilator of coronary blood vessels?
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ADENOSINE
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what stimulates ATP to release adenosine for vasodilator?
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LOW O2 content
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GI spnicter tone is decreased by what NS?
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para
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Peristalsis is increased with what NS?
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para
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body temperature goes up, chills.
body tempearture goes down, sweat |
SWEATING
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what hormones does TG secrete?
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t3 triiodo
t4 thyroxine |
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What effect does testosterone have on O2 delivery?
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It effects EPO, increasing RBC production
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what is the hormone for increasing RBC production?
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EPO
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What arre APUD cells?
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Secretory cells that secrete hormones into SURROUNDING area NOT into Lumen
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what are secretory cells that DO NOT secrete into lumen, they secrete into the surrounding area?
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APUD cells
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What is polycethemia vera?
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PRIMARY polyc., when the production of RBC;s is NO LONGER responsive to regulation
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What is compensatory polycthemia?
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normal response to an increased need for O2, so RBCs are produced more
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what is a cause of 2ndary polycthemia?
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increased altitude
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do smooth muscles have a t-tubule?
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NO- caveoli
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what are caveoli?
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rudimentary t=tubules of smooth muscle
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What kind of muscle is in the esophagus?
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striated top smooth bottom
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APUD, DNES, ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS...where do they secrtet hormones?
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into surrounding area NOT into lumen
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what is the purpose of the air-blood barrier of the lungs?
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gas exchange
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Where is auerbach's plexus located?
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in between longitudinal and circumferential msucles
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What controls the long loop of GI reflexes?
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CNS
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What type of secretion do the Parotid salivary glands have?
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SEROUS
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What part of the liver lobule carries lymph?
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SPACE OF DISSE
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What cells of the GI secrete HCL?
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parietal cells
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what do parietal cells secrete?
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HCl
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What cells of the GI secrete Intrinsic factor?
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Parietal cells
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What do the Parietal cells secrete?
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HCl, Intrinsic factor
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what do Chief cells of the Gi secrete?
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PEPSIn
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what cells of GI secrete pepsin?
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Chief
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what type of enterochromaffin like cells (ECL) secrete in GI?
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histamine
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when do chylomicrons enter circulation?
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after they go through lacteals because htey are oto large to go through capillaries
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Which nervous system increases motility AND gastric juice secretion?
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PNS - rest and digest
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What is the target site of Crohn's disease?
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Terminal ileum, proximal colon
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What is celiac's diseas?
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hypersensitvity to gluten
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what is the result of celiac's disease?
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loss of intestinal mucosa , so MALABSORPTION
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What happens to Na, Cl, Bicarb when salivary flow increase?
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increase in conc
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what happens to K when salivary flow increases?
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decreases
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What happens (overall) to the composiiton of saliva as flow rate increases?
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it becomes more like plasma
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what happens to each of the following as salivary flow increases?
Na Cl K Bicarb |
inc
inc dec inc |
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What are the 2 sites of the GI tract where most absorption occurs?
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Duod/Jejunum
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Name 2 membranes that digested nutrients must cross to get into circulation?
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brush border, basolateral membrane
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What are the 2 steps of glucose/galactose absorption?
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1st - Na/K ATPase pumps Na out thru BL membrane.
2 - glucose/gala are absorbed with Na thru apical side |
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SGLT-1-->Na/glucose transporter, 2Na for Each Glu/Gala
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glu ala absorption
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What INACTIVATES pancreatic protease precursors?
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ACIDIC pH
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what type of pH is needed to activate pancreatic protease precurosos?
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neutral pH
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what does 80% of synthesized cholesterol become?
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bile acids
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Maltose absorption into enteryocytes, what must happen?
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Digested
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Why is O2 pressure lower in SYSTEMIC vs. pulmonary?
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bronchiole circulation
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what effect does bronchiole circulation hafve on O2 pressure of pulmonary vs. systemic?
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it makes pulmonary lower
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What reacts in situation of SEVERE hemmorhaging to regulate arterial BP? its a hormone
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vasopressin by PITUITARY
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Von willebrand diseas? type of disorder, what is it
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impaired platelet adhesion..excessive bleeding INHERITED
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What is an inherited disease of platete adhesion?
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von willebrand
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Atherosclerosis causes MI T or F
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MI
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Where is absolute refractory?
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0 to midway of 3
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what is 1 due to?
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efflux of K/Cl
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what is 0 due to
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influx of Na via FAST VOLTAGE GATe
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what is phase 2
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calcium influx via SLOW Ca channels
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what causes the repolarization?
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Efflux of K thru VOLTAGE GATED
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Results of hypercalcemia: which isn't?
Kidney stone high plasma Ca Deposition of CaPO4 muscle spasm |
spasm
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what effect does PNS have on heart?
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slows rate
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Hyperpolarization makes tissue MORE/LESS excitable?
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less
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How does Ach cause a DECREASE in HR?
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it causes delay in conduction to Av node
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How does Ach achieve a delay in condcution to AV node? what is the outcome?
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increase K permeability, so K leaks out, slows HR
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what nerve is involved in ventricular escape? what NS?
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PNS - vagal
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What is P wave caused by?
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depolarized atria
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what is QRS?
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depolarized ventricles
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whta is T wave?
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repolarized ventricles
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What is COMPLIANCE a ratio of?
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volume/pressure (changes of)
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Pulmonary fluid pressyre, systemic fluid pressure
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pul - 15 mmHg
Syst - 100mm HG |
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15 mm HG
100 mmHg which is pul, which is systemic fluid pressure? |
15 pul, 100 syst
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What organ has the LOWEST cardiac output priority? 2nd lowest?
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skin -- renal
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Question of Venous resist/pressure -
Resistance to flow in large veins (compression via thorax, atmosph, abdominal organ) Collapse of veins/resistance = INCREASE in small vein pressure than RAP answer |
ALL OF THE ABOVE
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What causes reduced RAP?
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dehyrdation/hemorrhage
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what does an increase in RAP cause in terms of veins, and flow resistance?
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increased flow, collapse of veins
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T or F, standing too long can cause significan decrease in CO and arterial BP
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true
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venous pressure of feet?
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90 mmHG
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90 mm Hg is venous pressure of your...
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feet
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what causes varicose veins/valce incompetence?
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chronice excessive hydrostatic pressure DISTENDING veins of legs
thru pregnancy, standing or heart failure |
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chronice excessive hydrostatic pressure DISTENDING veins of legs
thru pregnancy, standing or heart failure |
causes varicose veins
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Lower capillary resistance
increased distention of capillaries recruitment of more capillarys helps what? |
BF thru lungs increase 3x w/ excercise
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The PASSIVE lymph pump is caused by
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excercise
skeletal muscle arterial pusaltions massage |
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excercise
skeletal muscle arterial pusaltions massage cause what sort of lymph flow |
passive pump
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Adenosine has what effect on coronary vessels?
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vasoDILATIOn
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what portion of the respiratory tract are ALVEOLAR SACS
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respiratory
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where does the conducting zone of respiration stop?
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terminal bronchioles
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Which portion of respiratory tract does gas exchange occur?
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respiratory NOT conducting
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how is surface tension reduced in lungs?
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high surfactant
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What is the importance of decreasing surface tension via surfactant?
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equilbrating pressure between large and small alveoli
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Restrictive or Obstructive:
Decreased compliance? Increased compliance work increased tissue resistance work? |
dec complioance - restrictive
tissue resistance - obstructive increased compliance work - restrictive |
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Pulmonary arteries are diff from systmic how...
diameter walls thickness length amount of smooth muscle? |
larger dia
thinner wall shorter less smooth muscle |
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Pulmonary volume increases with excercise through recruitment of capillaries and dialation
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true
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which part of the lungs is in most danger if there is a decrease in capillary pressre?
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apex = zero flow (ZONE 1)
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what can cause a decrease in capillary pressure? volume...
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hypovolemia
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Zones of lung
no flow? intermittent continuous? |
1 - no
2 - inter 3 - cont |
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zone 1 flow
zone 2 flow zone 3 flow (OF LUNGS) |
1 - no
2 - inter 3 - continuous |
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What is hypoxic vasconstriction? why and where doe sit occur?
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ONLY in lungs. If obstruction, vasoconstriction so that blood isn't wasted there
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what is unique of the interstitial space surrounding pulmonary capillaries?
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it is MORE negative, so that fluid doesn't leak into alveoli, fluid movies into interstitial spacel
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What is the A-a difference?
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venous admixture...less o2 pressure because it comes from bronichiole veins going to pulmonary veins
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Can hypoxemia occur in strenuous excercise?
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NO
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1.34, 15 g/dl, 20 ml O2/dL blood
which number is max o2 bound to hemo normal o2 conc normal bound o2 |
1.34 - max o2 bound
normal o2 conc - 15 normal bound o2 is 20 |
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What type of hypoxia is ISCHEMIC hypoxia? it results in
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transport, inadequate blood flow
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What effect does Carb Anhydrase have on Co2 carrying capacity?
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it LESSENS it
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Diabetes Insipidus is a lack of response or lack of what hormone?
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ADH
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central chemoreceptors are stimulated by what?
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H+
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H+ stimulates what kind of receptors for acid/base
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central cehmoreceptors
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Macula densa cells meet up with what kidney part?
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glomerulus
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GFR = UV/P
125 = inulin C if value >125, what? what is an example? |
it is secreted/filtered, like creatinine
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GFR = UV/P
125 = inulin C if value <125, what? what is an example? |
it is reabsorbed (UREA)
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