Physio 2A Ch. 12 Nervous System Pt.2

Front 1

This type of neuron has one axon and one dendrite. Found in olfactory cells of the nasal cavity, certain neurons of the retina, and sensory neurons of the inner ear.

Back 1

bipolar neurons

Front 2

this type of neuron has a peripheral fiber bringing signals from the source of sensation and a central fiber continuing into the spinal cord.

Back 2

unipolar neuron

Front 3

this type of neuron has multiple dendrites but no axon. They communicate through their dendrites and do not produce action potentials. Some of these are found in the brain, retina, and adrenal medulla.

Back 3

anaxonic neurons

Front 4

The two-way passage of proteins, organelles, and other materials along an axon is called...

Back 4

axonal transport

Front 5

movement away from the soma down the axon is called...

Back 5

anterograde transport

Front 6

movement up the axon toward the soma is called...

Back 6

retrograde transport

Front 7

anterograde transport employs a motor protein called..

Back 7

kinesin

Front 8

retrograde transport employs a motor protein called...

Back 8

dynein

Front 9

this type of axonal transport occurs at a rate of 20 - 400 mm/day and includes both anterograde and retrograde transport.

Back 9

fast axonal transport

Front 10

this type of axonal transport is also called axoplasmic flow and occurs at a rate of 0.5 - 10 mm/day. It is always anterograde.

Back 10

slow axonal transport

Front 11

What are the 6 types of neuroglia?

Back 11

Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, Microglia, Astrocytes, Satellite cells, and Schwann cells.

Front 12

what type of neuroglia lines the internal cavities of the brain and produces CSF?

Back 12

Ependymal cells

Front 13

Which neuroglia phagocytize dead tissue, microorganisms, and other foreign matter in the CNS?

Back 13

Microglia

Front 14

which neuroglia form a supportive framework for the nervous system and the blood-brain barrier? Also the most abundant glial cells in the CNS

Back 14

Astrocytes

Front 15

which neuroglia surround the neurosomas in ganglia of the PNS?

Back 15

satellite cells

Front 16

Most adult brain tumors are composed of glial cells. Such tumors are called...

Back 16

gliomas

Front 17

an insulating layer around a nerve fiber...

Back 17

myelin sheath

Front 18

the production of the myelin sheath is called...

Back 18

myelination

Front 19

Are unmyelinated fibers enveloped in Schwann cells in the PNS?

Back 19

yes, but the Schwann cell's plasma membrane doesn't wrap repeatedly around the fiber, but folds once around each fiber.

Front 20

white or gray matter is myelinated?

Back 20

white matter is myelinated.

Front 21

The conductance speed of a nerve signal depends on what two factors?

Back 21

diameter of the fiber and the presence or absence of myelin.

Front 22

where are signals conducted in nerve fibers? along the surface of the fiber or deep within its axoplasm?

Back 22

along its surface

Front 23

near the site of injury, Schwann cells, the basal lamina, and the neurilemma form a...

Back 23

regeneration tube

Front 24

which CNS neuroglia secrete proteins called Nerve Growth Factors?

Back 24

astrocytes

Front 25

the difference in the concentration of charged particles between one point and another is called...

Back 25

electrical potential

Front 26

the flow of charged particles from one point to another is called..

Back 26

current

Front 27

the charge difference across the plasma membrane is called..

Back 27

resting membrane potential (RMP)

Front 28

the (RMP) of a "resting" neuron is typically...

Back 28

-70mV

Front 29

the negative value (RMP) means that there are more negatively charged particles on the _____ of the membrane than on the _____

Back 29

INSIDE of the membrane than on the OUTSIDE

Front 30

the RMP results from the combined effect of these three factors:

Back 30

1) diffusion
2) selective permeability
3) electrical attraction

Front 31

What direction, quantity of ions, and number of molecules does the [Na+ - K+] pump?

Back 31

the [Na+ - K+] pump pumps 3 Na+ ions out of the cell for every 2 K+ it brings in, consuming 1 molecule of ATP each cycle.

Front 32

any case in which membrane voltage shifts to a less negative value is called...

Back 32

depolarization

Front 33

short-range change in voltage along the inside of the plasma membrane is called...

Back 33

local potential

Front 34

the four characteristics that distinguish a local potential from an action potential are...

Back 34

local potentials are:
1) graded
2) decremental
3) reversible
4) excitatory or inhibitory

Front 35

local potentials are ______, meaning that they vary in magnitude (voltage) according to the strength of the stimulus.

Back 35

graded

Front 36

local potentials are ______, meaning they get weaker as they spread from the point of stimulation.

Back 36

decremental

Front 37

local potentials are _______, meaning that if stimulation ceases, K+ diffusion out of the cell quickly returns the membrane voltage to its resting potential.

Back 37

reversible

Front 38

local potentials can be either ______ or _______.

Back 38

excitatory or inhibitory

Front 39

excitatory local potentials _______ a cell and make a neuron more likely to produce an action potential.

Back 39

depolarize

Front 40

inhibitory local potentials ________ a cell making it more negative and less likely to produce an action potential.

Back 40

hyperpolarize

Front 41

the minimum voltage needed to open voltage-regulated gates is called ____ and is__ volts...

Back 41

the threshold and it is -55mV

Front 42

K+ gates stay open longer than Na+ gates so slightly more K+ leaves the cell than the amount of Na+ that entered. Therefore the membrane voltage drops to 1 or 2 mV more negative than the original RMP producing a negative overshoot called...

Back 42

hyperpolarization

Front 43

the three characteristics of action potentials are...

Back 43

1) all-or-none law
2) non-decremental
3) irreversible

Front 44

name the stages, 1-6 of the action potential

Back 44

1) RMP
2) Local potential
3) Threshold
4) Depolarization
5) Repolarization
6) Hyperpolarization

Front 45

The period of resistance to re-stimulation during and just after an action potential is called the..

Back 45

refractory period

Front 46

two types of refractory periods are:

Back 46

the absolute refractory period and the relative refractory period

Front 47

refractory period where no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential

Back 47

absolute refractory period

Front 48

refractory period in which it it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus.

Back 48

relative refractory period

Front 49

Na+ channels are ____ opening.

Back 49

fast

Front 50

K+ channels are _____ opening.

Back 50

slow

Front 51

the propagation of a nerve signal that seems to jump from node to node is called...

Back 51

saltatory conduction

Front 52

the first neuron in the signal path which releases the neurotransmitter is called the ___________, the second one which responds to it is called the ____________.

Back 52

presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

Front 53

presynaptic neurons may synapse with a dendrite, soma, or axon of a postsynaptic neuron to form these respective synapses:

Back 53

an axodendritic, axosomatic, or axoaxonic synapse.

Front 54

electric synapses fire through..

Back 54

gap junctions

Front 55

chemical synapses fire through..

Back 55

the synaptic knob and synaptic cleft.

Front 56

what enters into the synaptic knob to trigger exocytosis?

Back 56

Ca+

Front 57

this neurotransmitter is in a class all by itself. It is formed from acetic acid and choline.

Back 57

Acetylcholine

Front 58

these neurotransmitters include: glycine and glutamate

Back 58

amino acid neurotransmitters

Front 59

these neurotransmitters are synthesized from amino acids by removal of the -COOH group.

Back 59

Monoamines

Front 60

A subclass of monoamines which includes:
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine
tyrosine

Back 60

catecholamines

Front 61

serotonin and histamine are these type of neurotransmitters.

Back 61

monoamines

Front 62

these neurotransmitters are chains of 2 to 40 amino acids and include substance P, B-endorphin, and Enkephalins.

Back 62

neuropeptides

Front 63

some neuropeptides also function as hormones or as...

Back 63

neuromodulators

Front 64

Cholinergic synapses are...

Back 64

excitatory or inhibitory

Front 65

adrenergic synapses act through the_____ messenger system

Back 65

second

Front 66

the time from the arrival of a signal at the axon terminal of a presynaptic cell to the beginning of an action potential in the postsynaptic cell is called...

Back 66

the synaptic delay

Front 67

in the cessation of synaptic transmission: the escape of the neurotransmitter into the nearby ECF.

Back 67

diffusion

Front 68

in the cessation of synaptic transmission: the synaptic knob reabsorbs amino acids and monoamines and breaks them down with an enzyme called monoamine oxidase

Back 68

re-uptake

Front 69

in the cessation of synaptic transmission: the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), breaks ACh down into acetate and choline.

Back 69

degredation in the synaptic cleft.