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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Year and Scientist Foundation for modern atomic theory, elements composed of identical elements, react same way chemically
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1808 Dalton
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Year and Scientist
Discovery - if element arranged in increased atomic mass, periodic repetition of similar chemical properties occured |
1858 Dimitri Mendeleev
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Whose work resulted in the first periodic table of elements
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Dimitri Mendeleev
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As of today how many elements have been identified,how many naturally occur, and how many are naturally produced
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112 elements identified
92 naturally occurring 20 artificially produced |
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the smallest partical that has all the properties of an element
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ATOM
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Responsible for showing the elements could be classified according to integral vaules of atomic mass
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1808 John Dalton
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Showed that if elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, a periodic repetition of similiar properties occurred
Who discovered this, how many elements were identified and what did finding result in? |
1858 Dmitiri Mendelev
65 Elements identified Resulted in Periodic Table |
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While investigating cathode rays (electrons) demonstrated electrons were an integral part of all atoms
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1890 JJ Thomson
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When were atoms considered indivisible
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1890
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Demonstrated electrons equaled the number of positive charges
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1890 JJ Thomson
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Described the atom as having a small dense, positively charged center, surrounded by a negative cloud of eletrons
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1911 Ernest Rutherford
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Called the center of the atom the nucleus
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1911 Ernest Rutherford
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Described the atom as a miniature solar system
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1913 Niels Bohr
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Stated Atom contains a small, dense, postively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons that revolve in fixed, well defined orbits about the nucleus"
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1913 Niels Bohr
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The atom is essentially what kind of space?
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EMPTY
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Positively charged bodies with weight, located in the nucleus
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Protons
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Located in the nucleus, has weight but no charge
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Neutrons
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Revolving around the nucleus in designated orbits, negatively charged bodies with very little weight
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electrons
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Holds protons and neutrons together in nucleus
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Quarks and Gluons
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is very small but contains nearly all the mass (energy) of the atom
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Nucleus
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In atomic nomenclature, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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Atomic Z number
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Subscript on the periodic chart
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Atomic Z Number
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Determines the chemical identify of an atom
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Atomic Z Number
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In atomic nomenclature, the number of protons plus number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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Atomic Mass Number (A)
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Protons and neutrons in nucleus
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NUCLEONS
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2000 times the weight of an electron
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Nucleons
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Primary difference is the charge in the particle
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Protons and Neutrons
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Fundamental particles of an atom are:
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Electron, Proton and Neutron
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Superscript on the periodic table
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Atomic Mass Number (A) = Protons + Neutrons
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Subscripts on periodic table
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Atomic Number = Number of protons
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Sharing of electrons
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Covalent bonding
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Electron is given up to another atom that has a deficiency in electrons
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Ionic Bonding
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In the atom certain shells represent...
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Different electron energy levels
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Designed K,L,M,N,O and so forth
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Electron Shells
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The closer an electron is to the nucleus the ....
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Higher the binding energy
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No outer shell can contain more than ...
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eight electrons
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In their normal state atoms are
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electrically neutral, the electric charge on the atom is zero
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THE REMOVAL OR ADDITION OF AN ORBITAL ELECTRON FROM AN ATOM
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IONIZATION
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IONIZATION CAN NOT OCCUR BY THE ADDITION OR REMOVAL OF A PROTON BECAUSE ...
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REMOVAL OF A PROTON WOULD CHANGE THE TYPE OF ATOM
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Alteration in the number of neutrons ...
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does not ionize and atom because a neutron is neutral
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Ionized atom is a/an
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Ion
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FORCE THAT KEEPS AN ELECTRON IN ORBIT IS THE
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CENTRIPETAL FORCE
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Center seeking force
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Centripetal force
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The strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus is called the ....
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Electron Binding Energy
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Smallest particle of an element
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Atom
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SMALLEST PARTICLE OF A COMPOUND
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MOLECULE
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Forms an element having the same number of protons (Z) but different number of neutrons (A)
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Isotopes
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Not all isotopes are....
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Radioactive
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All radioisotopes are
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Radioactive
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Another term for radioisotope
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Radionuclide
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Radioactive decay is what type of process?
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Random .. We can never know when a radioactive atom will emit its radiation
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Radioactive decay is discussed in terms of ....
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Probability
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Only 2 decay process radiology concerned with
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Beta Emission and Alpha Emission
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A NATURALLY OCCURRING PROCESS WHEREBY AN UNSTABLE ATOMIC NUCLEUS RELIEVES ITS INSTABILITY THROUGH THE EMISSION OF ONE OR MORE ENERGETIC PARTICLES
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RADIOACTIVE DECAY
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The process by which the nucleus spontaneously emits particles and energy and transforms itself into another atom to reach stability
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Radioactive Disintegration
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Electron "CREATED IN THE NUCLEUS" is ejected from the nucleus with considerable kinetic energy escapes from the atom
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Beta emission
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OCCURS MORE OFTEN THAN ALPHA EMISSION
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BETA EMISSION
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Ionizing radiation with characterisitics of an electron; emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom
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Beta Particle
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Particulate form of ionizing radiation consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. The nucleus of helium. Emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom.
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Alpha Particle
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Time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to half its original value
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Physical half-life
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Radiation distinct from xrays and gamma rays; examples are alpha particle, electrons, neutrons and protons
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Particulate Radiation
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Oscillating electric and magnetic fields that travel in a vacum with the velocity of light, includes xrays, gamma rays and some non-ionizing such as ultraviolet, visible, infrared and radio waves
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Electromagnetic radiation
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xrays, gamma rays, sound waves, magnetic waves
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Electromagnetic Radiation
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Penetrating power of alpha particulate
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short
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Penentrating power of beta particulate
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limited
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penetrating power of gamma, electromagnetic, xrays
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unlimited
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An alpha particle is equivalent to what atom
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Helium atom 2 protons & 2 neutrons, Mass is 4 amu, carries 2 units of positive charge
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What type of particle travels FAST and has short range in matter.
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Alpha Particle
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What type of particle absorbs quickly in matter
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Alpha Particle
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What particle has a high ionization power
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Alpha Particle
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What type of particle from an EXTERNAL source is nearly harmless, UNLESS inhaled, ingested, or enters the body through a cut in your skin
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Alpha
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Electron emitted FROM THE NUCLEUS of radioactive atom
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Beta Emission
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Light Particles, Mass number of 0, Carry one unit of negative charge, range in matter is LONGER than alpha rays, travels fast but slower than alpha
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Beta Emission
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Particles CAN NOT be stopped by a sheet of paper. Some can be stopped by human skin.
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Beta Emission
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if ingested some radionuclides emit what skin of particles that might be absorbed into bones and cause damage
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Beta (beta particles would act like calcium deposits in the bone)
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the only forms of ionizing electromagnetic radiation of radiologic interest
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x-rays and gamma rays
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What type of radiation causes severe damage to your internal organs
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Xrays fall in this category but are less penetrating than gamma rays
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xray released as a result of the PHOTOELECTRIC effect and whose discrete energies are determined by the respective electron binding energy
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Characteristic XRAY
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when photon radiation originates OUTSIDE the nucleus, as a result of an eletronic shell transition, the photon is referred to a a...
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Characteristic XRAY
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A "Characteristic xray" is termed as such because the ... is characterisitc of the element from which it originates
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Energy
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What is the difference between an xray and a gamma ray?
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There is no difference except for their origin, X-RAYS originate from OUTSIDE the nucleus while GAMMAS originate from WITHIN the nucleus
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X-Rays and Gamma Rays are often called ...
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Photons
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A Photon has NO mass and No charge; travel at the speed of light and are considered a ...... in space.
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Disturbance
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Gamma rays are usually associated with what types of emissions
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Alpha and Beta
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X-Rays and Gamma rays usually exist either at the speed of light or not at all; they have what type of range in matter
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Unlimited
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Gamma Rays are associated with what type of production.
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Pair Production
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Who described the "nuclear atom"
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Rutherford
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Who theorized uniform positive electrification
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J.J. Thompson
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The periodic table presents elements in order of ?
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Atomic Number
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APPROXIMATELY how many known elements are there?
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100
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The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called:
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Periods
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As you move from left to right across the periodic table, what happens to the number of outer-shell electrons from one element to the next?
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It increases by 1
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Which physicist had a major part in describing the atom as we know it today?
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Bohr
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Atoms with all electron shells filled are
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chemically stable
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In the periodic table of the elements, the group number identifies the ...
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number of electrons allowed in the outer shell
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Atoms that have the same atomic number are atoms of the same ...?
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Element
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The periodic chart of elements is attributed to
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Dimitri Mendeleev
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The atomic mass number of an atomis given by the number of ...
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Protons plus neutrons
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The atomic number is the ....
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number of protons
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A neutron has approximately ... amu and ... charge
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1 amu and no charge
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Electrons in the M-shell do not exceed ... in number
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8
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The binding energy of an eletron to nucleus is ... for an L-shell electron than for an M-shell electron
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HIGHER
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The number of protons in the nucleus is called the
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Atomic Number
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How many different types of nucleons are there?
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2 - Proton and Neutron
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What type of radiation can not penetrate a sheet of paper material?
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An alpha particle
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What is a particle accelerator used to produce radioisotopes?
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Cyclotropes
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A particle with a charge of -1.602x 10 to the -19th powerC
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Beta particle
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A stable atom that can be made radioactive
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Gold
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A substance composed of atoms with unstable nuclei
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Radioactive
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An atom that is naturally radioactive
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Radioisotope // Uranium
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Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
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Isotope
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Radioisotopes have what type of nuclei
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Unstable
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What are arranged in orbits around the nucleus
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Electrons
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In the air ? particles have a range of 1 - 10 cm
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Alpha
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What are the two principal classes of ioinizing radiation?
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Particulate and electromagnetic
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Given the general characteristics of ionizing radiation ...
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all photons travel in straight lines, EVEN in the presence of magnetic fields.
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As compared with particulate radiation , electromagnetic radiation is ...
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more penetrating
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Electromagnetic ionizing radiation from ....
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both inside and outside the nucleus
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xrays and gamma rays are both examples of electromagnetic radiation. In addition, they both have
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no electrostatic charge
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When comparing electromagnetic radiation with particulate radiation, both interact by ...
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ionization and excitation
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