Physical Science Exam

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Energy Level

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A region around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are found. Only a certain number of electrons can be found in each energy level of an atom.

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Neutron

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An uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Proton

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A subatomic particle identical with the nucleus of the hydrogen atom; found with neutrons in all atomic nuclei and carries a positive charge.

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Electrons

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A subatomic particle in an atom that's negatively charged and that occupies the energy levels in an atom; electrons are involed in chemical bonds and reactions.

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Nucleus

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The center core of an atom that has protons and neutrons.

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Element

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A substance that has only one kind of matter.

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Atomic Mass

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The average mass of all the known isotopes of an element.
Located at the top of a chemical symbol.

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Symbol

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Something that represents something else.

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Atomic Number

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The number of protons that an atom has. It's located at the bottom of a chemical symbol.

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Atom

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The smallest particle of an element that can exist alone or in combination with other atoms.

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Molecule

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The smallest particle of a compound that retains the properties of the compound.

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Compound

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A substance that's made of 2 or more elements that can't be separated by physical means.

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Matter

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Anything that has mass and takes up space.

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Brittleness

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A measure of a material's tendency to shatter upon impact.

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Elasticity

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A measure of a solid's ability to stretch and then return to its original shape and size.

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Hardness

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The measure of a solid's resistance to scratching.

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Malleability

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A solid's ability to be pounded into thin sheets

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Density

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A property that describes the relationship between mass and volume.

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Condensation

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The process by which a substance in its gaseous state loses energy and enters its liquid state; one phase of the water cycle.

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Evaporation

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The process by which a substance in its liquid state gains energy and enters its gaseous state; a phase of the water cycle.

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Meniscus

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The curved upper surface of a liquid column.

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Mass

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The measure of the inertia of an object; the amount of matter an object has.

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Archimedes Principle

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A principle that states that the force exerted on an object in a liquid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

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Buoyancy

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A measure of the upward force a fluid exerts on an object.

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Fluid

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Non solid matter, atoms slide pass each other
ex; liquid/gas

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Viscosity

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A measure of a material's resistance to flow.

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Valence electrons

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The electrons in an atom that are involved in the formation of chemical bonds.

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Ions

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An atom that has an electrical charge.

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Electronegativity

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The attraction an atom has for the shared pair of electrons in a chemical bond.

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Covalent Bond

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A type of chemical bond that's formed when 2 atoms share electrons.

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Ionic bond

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A type of chemical bond between atoms that gained or lost electrons; a bond between ions.

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Mass Number

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The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
a.k.a : atomic mass

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Metal bond

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A chemical bond between 2 or more atoms.

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Octet Rule

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States that atoms form bonds with other atoms by sharing or transferring them to complete their octet and become stable.

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Binary compounds

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Covalent compounds that are made of only 2 types of elements.

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Polyatomic ions

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Ions that have more than one type of atom.

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Molecular formula

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A chemical formula that gives the total number of atoms of each element present in a molecule.

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Empirical formula

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A chemical formula showing the simplest ratio of elements in a compound.

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Diatomic molecules

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A molecule that has only 2 atoms of the same element.
H^2~Have
N^2~No
F^2~Fear
O^2~Of
I^2~Ice
CL^2~Cold
Br^2~Beverages

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Polymers

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Large molecules that are made of repeating smaller molecules called subunits or monomers.

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Monatomic ions

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Ions that have only one type of atom.

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Single Displacement

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A reaction in which one element replaces a similar element in a compound.

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Double displcement

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A reaction in which ions from 2 compounds in a solution exchange places to make 2 new compounds.

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Decompositon reaction

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A chemical reaction in which a single compound is broken down to make 2 or more smaller compounds.

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Synthesis/ addition reaction

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A chemical reaction in which 2 or more substances combine to form a new compound.

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Combustion reaction

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A reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen,releasing large amounts of energy in the form of heat and light.

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Physical change

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A change in the physical properties of a substance.

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Chemical change

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A change in a substance that involves the breaking and reforming of chemical bonds to make a new substance or substances.

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Law of conservation of mass

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States that the total mass of products of a reaction is equal to the total mass of reactants.

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Products

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Substances that are made in a chemical reaction from reactants.

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Reactants

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Substances that enter into and is altered in the course of a chemical reaction.

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Limiting reactant

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The reactant that's used up first in a chemical reaction.

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Avogadro's Number

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The number of atoms in the atomic mass of an element or the number of molecules in the formula mass of a compound when these masses are expressed in grams.

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Mole

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One set of 6.02x10^23 atoms or molecules.

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Chemical formula

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A representation of a compound that has the symbols and numbers of atoms in the compound.

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Formula mass

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Determined by adding up the atomic mass units of all the atoms in the compound; a way to compare the masses of molecules of different compounds.

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Solvent

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The component of a solution that dissolves the solute and is present in the greater amount.

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Solute

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The substance in a solution in the smallest amount; the solute is dissolved by the solvent

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Solution

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A mixture of 2 or more substances that's homogenous at the molecular level; a solution made of a solute and a solvent.

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Tyndall Effect

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A way of visually distinguishing colloids from true solutions.

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Colloid

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A type of mixture in which the particles(atoms/molecules) are between 1.0 and 1000 nanometers in diameter.

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Nanometer

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A unit of measurement that's equal to one billionth of a meter.

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Alloy

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A solution of 2 or more metals.

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Equilibrium

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In physics, happens when the forces on an object are balanced. In chemistry, the state in which the solute in a solution is dissolving and coming out of solution at the same rate.

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Suspension

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A type of mixture in which the particles(atoms/molecules) are larger than 1000 nanometers in diameter.

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Ionization

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To convert or become entirely converted or partly into ions.

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Saturated

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The state of a mixture in which the maximum amount of solute has dissolved in a solution.

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Supersaturated

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A condition of a solution when more solute has dissolved than is normally possible at a given temperature.

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Dissociation

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Separating a molecule into atoms and ions.

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Neutral

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A solution that has a pH of 7, it has equal amounts of H+ and OH-, or acidic and basic ions; when one proton is paired with one electron.

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Non - Electrolyte

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A substance that doesn't ionize in water and is therefore a poor conductor of electricity. Chemicals don't form ions when dissolved into a solution.

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Acid

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A chemical that gives hydrogen ions, H+, to a solution.

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Base

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A chemical that gives hydroxyl ions, OH-, to a solution.

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Acid precipitation

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Rain,snow,or fog that has a pH lower than 5.6.

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pH

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The exact concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions in a solution.

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Electrolytes

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Chemicals that make ions and conduct current when dissolved in water.

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Alpha particle

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A partially charged particle emitted from the nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay; also called a helium nucles.

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Half - life

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The length of time it takes for half an amount of radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay.

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Gamma rays

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A photon emitted spontaneously by a radioactive substance.

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Isotopes

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Forms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and different mass numbers.

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Beta particles

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A negatively charged particle(an electron) emitted from the nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay.

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Radiation

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The process of emitting radiant energy. The particles and energy that are emitted from radioactive substances.

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Fission

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A nuclear reaction that involves the splitting of the nucleus of an atom.

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Fusion

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A nuclear reaction that involves fusing nuclei from 2 atoms to make a different atom.

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Solubility

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The amount of solute that can be dissolved in a certain volume of solvent under certain conditions.

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Solubility Value

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A number that describes a solute - solvent system; it has the mass of solute, amount of solvent and temperature.

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Alpha decay

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Radioactive decay that results in an alpha particle( a helium nucleus) being emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive element.

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Beta decay

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Radioactive decay that results in a beta particle(an electron) being emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive element.

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Gamma decay

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Radioactive decay that results in a gamma particle(an electron)being emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive element.

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Nuclear reaction

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A reaction that involves splitting the nucleus of an atom or fusing 2 nuclei.

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Strong nuclear force

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The force that holds protons together when they are very close together.

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Stable

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An atom that has a balance of charge or a non-radioactive nucleus.

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Radioactive isotopes

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An unstable isotope of an element that spontaneously undergoes radioactive decay.