Physical Science Exam #1

Front 1

Law

Back 1

-WHAT-

broad and widely applicable

Front 2

Theory

Back 2

-WHY-

makes predictions which can be tested further

Front 3

Scientific Method Steps

Back 3

1. formulate the problem (hypothesis)

2. observation and experiment (control over)

3. interpretation and analysis (make sense of)

4. test the interpretation (new hypothesis if it doesn't work out)

Front 4

Ptolemy

Back 4

Ptolemaic System put the Earth at center (geocentric)

Front 5

Copernicus

Back 5

places Sun at the center (heliocentric)

Front 6

Kepler

Back 6

3 Laws:

1. paths of planets are ellipses with the sun at one focus

2. planets sweep out equal areas in equal times

3. ratio of period^2 to radius^3 is the same for all planets

Front 7

Brahe

Back 7

made precise measurements of planets

Front 8

Newton

Back 8

Four Fundamental Forces: (decreasing order)

1. strong

2. electromagnetic

3. weak

4. gravity

Front 9

Aristotle

Back 9

logical approach, organized science, natural state of things were at rest

fault: thought experiments only

Front 10

Galileo

Back 10

natural state of things stayed in motion

founding father of modern science: relying on experiments to test his ideas

Front 11

Gravity

Back 11

pulls towards the center of the nearest mass

Front 12

The SI System

Back 12

meter (length)

second (time)

kilogram (mass)

Joules (energy)

Watt (power)

Front 13

Inertia

Back 13

objects resist changes to their motion

Front 14

Speed

Back 14

how fast

distance/time

scalar (has magnitude)

Front 15

Vectors

Back 15

has magnitude and direction

i.e.: force, velocity, and acceleration

Front 16

Velocity

Back 16

how fast and in which direction

Front 17

Acceleration

Back 17

positive acceleration (gas pedal)

negative acceleration (brake)

direction (steering wheel)

Front 18

Free Fall (Acceleration)

Back 18

Once the object is free from touching anything else, it is ALWAYS down

Front 19

Newton's First Law of Motion

Back 19

if there's no net force on an object, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion at a constant velocity

Front 20

Newton's Second Law of Motion

Back 20

acceleration = forcenet/mass

Front 21

Newton's Third Law of Motion

Back 21

the force exerted by object A on object B is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force of object B on object A

Front 22

Newton's Law of Gravity

Back 22

the force that makes the apple fall to the ground is the same as the force that causes the Earth to orbit the Sun

Front 23

Energy

Back 23

the measure of the ability of something to do work (the measure of change a force produces)

Joule (J)

scalar

Front 24

Power

Back 24

rate at which work is done

Watt (W)

Front 25

Kinetic Energy

Back 25

the faster an object moves, the greater its kinetic energy is

not directly proportional to velocity, but is to mass

Front 26

Potential Energy

Back 26

the energy of position (stored)

equal to the work required to bring the object to that height

Front 27

Law of Conservation of Energy

Back 27

energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change from one form to another

Front 28

Heat

Back 28

transfer of energy due to a difference in temperature

Front 29

Elastic vs Inelastic Collision

Back 29

passing energy from one car to another vs. sticking together, the two cars had 1/2 the k.e.

Front 30

Solar Wind

Back 30

= solar sail

used to push rockets through space

Front 31

The Energy Problem

Back 31

1. increased demand driven by population growth and increased prosperity

2. decline in supply of fossil fuels

3. carbon dioxide from the burning of FF is the main contributor to global warming

Front 32

Energy Consumption

Back 32

U.S. is 4% of the world population

U.S. uses 20% of the world's energy

Front 33

Global Warming

Back 33

main cause: increasing Greenhouse effect (traps heat that would otherwise escape to space)

Front 34

Oil

Back 34

proponents of increased drilling imply an "oil solution"

Front 35

Natural Gas

Back 35

better for the environment than coal and oil

fracking concerns: groundwater contamination, migration of fracking fluids, risks to air quality

Front 36

Coal

Back 36

plentiful, but worst for the environment

produces 1/3 more CO2 than oil and twice as much as natural gas

Front 37

Cogeneration

Back 37

utilize excess heat from coal power plant

Front 38

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Back 38

trap CO2 and permanently bury underground

(costly and possible causation of earthquakes)

Front 39

Coal Gasification

Back 39

coal is turned into a mixture of gases and liquid fuels

(doubles overall CO2)

Front 40

Pollution

Back 40

toxic substances in coal smoke

(Mercury, Arsenic, Beryllium)

Front 41

FIssion

Back 41

energy comes from splitting nuclei

no CO2 emissions, but, radioactive waste has to be contained for thous./mill. of years

Front 42

Fusion

Back 42

energy comes from joining nuclei together

clean and safe, energy from Sun and stars

Front 43

Clean Energy

Back 43

Hydroelectric (dams) ((Niagara Falls))

Geothermal (heat from under surface) ((CA))

Solar Cells (photo-voltaic cells turn sunlight into electricity)

CSP-concentrated solar power (sunlight converted to heat)

Wind (windmills turn turbines to create electricity)

Tides/Waves

Front 44

Biofuels

Back 44

ethanol, bio-diesel, algae

Front 45

Common Temperatures

Back 45

freezing point of water: 0 C, 32 F, 273 K

boiling point of water: 100 C, 212 F, 373 K

human body temp: 37 C, 98.6 F, 310 K

Front 46

Metabolic Energy

Back 46

biochemical process by which the energy content of food is changed into other forms of energy

Front 47

Density

Back 47

mass per unit volume

Front 48

Pressure

Back 48

force/area

it's not the force that matters, but the area over which the force is applied

Front 49

Buoyancy

Back 49

responsible for floating objects

Front 50

Archimede's Principle

Back 50

buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced

Front 51

Heat Transfer

Back 51

conduction: direct contact between particles, most important in solids

radiation: electromagnetic waves

convection: due to the movement of fluids when a portion of a fluid is heated, most important in liquid and gases

Front 52

Liquids and Solids

Back 52

solids: definitive shape and volume

liquids: definite volume

gases: no definite shape or volume

Front 53

Evaporation

Back 53

occurs at surface of liquid

occurs at all temperatures

has a cooling effect

Front 54

Boiling

Back 54

occurs in entire volume of liquid

only occurs at boiling point

water cannot get hotter than the boiling point unless it turns to steam

Front 55

Melting

Back 55

occurs when solid turns to a liquid

heat of fusion

sublimation: when a solid changes directly to a gas