Physical Geography 1 Final Exam

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Caldera

Back 1

giant craater, crater lake in Oregon

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Pangea

Back 2

the original supr continent; convection seperated continent

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Plate tectonics - convection

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Disastrophism

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folding of the earth's crust

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Richter scale

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measures earthquakes, 7 or 8 is a large earthquake

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Pacific Ring of Fire

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volcanoes around the pacific

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Shield volcanoes

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widest and biggest

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Composite volcanoe

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A volcano that is symmetrical, cone shaped peaks produced by a mixture of lava

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Cinder cone volcano

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conical hill with loose materials; small but intense explosions

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North American plate movement

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Eurasian moving away from eachother

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Mid-ocean ridge & sea-floor spreading

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deep sea mountain ranges on the sea floor

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Freeze/thaw mechanical weathering

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When water freezes it expands

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Mountrains - temp changes

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Mountains - slopes & gravity - mass wasting

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steep slopes = highest amt
flat area = minimal mai

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Biological weathering

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burrowing animals, roots, chemical reaction of plants

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Chemical weathering

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water mixes with dry rock material

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Drainage basin components

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all drainage: divide
high valleys: fluvial
flat grounds: interfluvial

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Slides

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creep (slow)

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Falls

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soil movement

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Solifluction

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soil creep in tundra areas that create a surface appearance

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Fluvial process

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running water

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Knickpoint

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Niagra Falls - upstream movement of water fall

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Stream lengthening

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Meandering river components

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Stream flow speed

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fast through the surface

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Stream drainage patterns

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dendridic pattern

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Stream erosive properties

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deparition (inside curves) erosion (outside)

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Stream load

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lengthen valleys; headward erosion & triangle formation

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World rivers (by volume, by length)

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Caves

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Speleothems

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cave droplits, hung from the ceiling

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Underground water - chemical actions

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Materials in solution

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sodium (least)
iron (more)

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Sinkholes - eg Florida

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small, rounded depression in limestone

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Geysers

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steam and water

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Fumarole

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just steam

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Hot springs

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indicate heat underground

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Humidity and landscape solutions

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landscape cave formation in humid areas

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Desert type

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Desert Mesa and Scarp features (order); caprocks

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canyon Utah, Zion due to caprocks

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Desert basin and range features

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death valley

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Aeolean effects

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wind changes in desert

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Sand dunes - types/characteristics

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Barchan sand dunes

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crescent shaped horns indicate wind direction

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Internal basins

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Alluvial fans/piedmonts

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fluvial base of desert mountains where alluvial fans form

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Exotic rivers

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nile
colorado

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Playas

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flat dry lake bed

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Salina

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playas covered with salt

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Inselbergs

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"island mountains" isolating summit rising abruptly

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Bornhardts

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Desertification

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expansion of desert problem in sahale africa (human cause overgrazing)

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Desert varnish

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dark shiny coding on their rocks

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Sand storm

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localized; fast moving

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Dust storm

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larger; lighter; slow moving

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Slacial moraines

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Cirque

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shaped like a bowl or ampitheatre

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Horns

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formation of a group of cirque glaciers erroding

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Arete

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narrow, jagged, serrated spine of rock

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Hanging valley

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glacial trough where the bottom is higher than the bottom of the principle trough

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U-trough

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Ice age extent/timing

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Otto River Valley end of the last ice age

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Glacier movement

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Abrasion

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glacier hitting land; exposed rocks

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Lubrication

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Glacier formation

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Accumulation

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ice into a glacier by snow

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Ablation

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circulation zone

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Plucking

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rock fragments beneath the ice are loosened and dragged along the flow of a glacier

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Kettles

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irregular depression in a morainal surface when ice melts

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Crevasses

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.

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till

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rock debris that is deposited by moving or melting ice

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outwash

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smooth glaciofluvial, flat alluvial

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Continental

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Contemporary

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Alpine glaciers

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individual glacier that develops near a mountain crest

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Ice ages and sea levels

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Lower sea levels; all ice melts in Antartica and raises the sea level

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Coastal erosion

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etatchment of fragmented rock

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Coastal deposition

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Waves

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by wind at sea; most important force in shaping the coastline

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Current

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Tombolo

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Spit

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deposit of marine sediment that is attatched to land

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Lagoon

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body of quiet salt water in an area between island/reef and the mainland

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Hook

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Baymouth bar

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a spit that goes entirely across a bay which transforms the bay into a lagoon

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Swash/backwash

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water moving seaward after swash is overcome by gravity and friction

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Ocean tides

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4 tides each day: 2 up and 2 down every 12 hours

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Wave generation

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Fjords

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caused by glaciers

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Coral reefs

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needs salt water, warm water, shallow water, marine life

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Coral atolls

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fringing reefs on volcanic land

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Wave energy transfer/oscillation

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Stream outflow - sediments

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small particles of rocks deposited by water, wind, or ice

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Tsunami

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under sea tectonic activity

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Wave refraction

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bending of waves around headlands

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Pyroclastic

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everything that comes out of volcano