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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is a natural hazard? |
A natural process that could cause death injury or disruption to humans or destroy property/ possessions. |
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What is a natural disaster? |
A natural hazard that has happened. |
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What are the two main types of natural hazard? |
Geological (land and tectonics) Meteorological (weather and climate) |
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What are the factors affecting hazard risk? |
Vunerablity: the more people in areas exposed the higher the probability and hazard risk Capacity to cope: the better a population can cope the lower the threat Nature: type- predicted? Frequency: some occur more often magnitude: more severe has a greater effect |
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Which plates are thicker and which is denser? |
Continental: thicker and less dense Oceanic: thinner and more dense |
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How are volcanos formed at destructive plate margins? |
-Oceanic plate moves into the mantle where it is destroyed. -pool of magma forms -magma rises through vents - erupts onto surface |
4 steps |
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How do volcanos form at constructive plate margins? |
The magma rises up from the gap created by the plates moving apart. Can also be created by passing over hotspots |
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What happens when a volcano erupts? What are pyroclastic flows? |
It emits lava and gas. Pyroclastic flows ( superheated currents of gas ash and rock) occur when volcanos emit a lot of ash and it covers land and blocks out the sun |
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How do earthquakes occur? |
Happen at all plate boundaries caused by tension. The plates jerk past each other sending out shock waves( earthquake). These spread out from the focus ( where it starts) nearer the focus the waves are stronger and cause more damage. The epicentre is the point in the earth's surface above the focus |
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What are earthquakes measured using what scale? |
Moment magnitude scale. (Measures magnitude- amount of energy released) It is logarithmic (7 is 10 times more powerful than 6) |
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Describe magnitude 6 and below earthquakes |
Normally only cause slight damage to buildings, worse in built up areas |
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Describe magnitude 7+ earthquakes |
Can cause major damage and death |
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4 primary effects of earthquakes |
1. Buildings and bridges collapse and homes are destroyed 2. People are injured/ killed by collapsed buildings and falling debris 3. Roads, railways, ports and airports are damaged 4. Electric cables, gas, water pipes and communication networks are damaged, cutting off supplies |
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Describe the secondary effects of a earthquake (7) |
1. Can trigger landslides and tsunamis causing more injuries and deaths 2. Leaking gas ignited, starting fires 3. People are homeless 4. Shortage of clean water and sanitation, making it easier for diseases to spread 5. Due to blocked/ destroyed roads emergency aid can't get through 6. Businesses are damaged causing loss of income and unemployment 7. Is expensive so damages a countries economy |
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Immediate responses to earthquakes (7) |
1 |
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Long term responses to earthquakes (7) |
1 |
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Name 4 primary effects to a volcanic eruption |
1 |
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Name 7 secondary effects to a volcano |
1 |
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7 immediate responses to earthquakes |
1 |
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4 long term responses to earthquake |
1 |
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Primary effects earthquake in Italy and pakistan |
Italy: 300 dead (mainly collapsed buildings) 1500 injured Tens of thousands if buildings damaged/ destroyed 60 000+ people homeless Bridge and water pipe were broken
Pakistan: 80 000 dead (mainly collapsed buildings) Tens of thousands injured Hundreds of thousands of buildings damaged/ destroyed Around 3mil homeless Water and electric cut off |
Place: italy, 6.3 on scale Place: pakistan, 7.3 |
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Secondary effects of earthquakes in Italy and pakistan |
Italy: After shocks delayed rescue missions and caused more damage. Fires caused more damaged A broken water pipe near pagania caused a landslide Electric and phone services disrupted although most repaired within a day. Pakistan: Landslides buried people and buildings. They also blocked access of roads and cut off water supplies and telephone lines. Diarrhoea spread due to little clean water. Freezing winter conditions caused more casualties and meant rescuing and rebuilding were hard. |
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Immediate responses to earthquake in Italy and pakistan |
Italy: Camps set up for homeless with water food and medical care. Ambulance, fire engines and army sent to rescue survivors. Cranes and diggers removed rubble. Free mobiles provided for those who had lost their home Money provided to pay rent. Gas and electric bill suspended. Pakistan: International aid and equipment brought in from other countries. Help didn't reach may areas for weeks and many rescued by hand without equipment or emergency services. Tents blankets and medical supplies were distributed but often took months. |
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Long term responses to earthquake it italy and pakistan |
Italy: New settlements built to accommodate over 20 000 residents who used to live in damaged city centre Most of city centre is rebuilt, critisms over delay Investigation into why modern buildings weren't build to withstand earthquakes Pakistan: 40 000 from destroyed town relocated Aid given to rebuild schools and government money given to rebuild homes Many have to use gov money for food. Thousands still in temp tents. |
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Reasons why people live in areas at risk from tectonic hazards. |
1. Always lived there 2. Employed there 3. Confident of gov support 4. Think they won't happen 5. Fertile soil around volcanoes (farmers) 6. Volcanos attract tourists |
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4 ways of manging to reduce the effect of tectonic hazards |
Monitoring Prediction Protection Planning |
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How can tectonic hazards be monitored? |
Seismometers and lasers monitor earth movement can be used in early warning signs to give warning before an earthquake eruption. Monitor signs before a volcano eruption e.g tiny earthquakes, escaping gas and changing volcano shape. |
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How can protection reduce the effects of tectonic hazards? |
Building design to withstand earthquakes I. e using reinforced concrete or special foundations that absorb the shock. Strengthening the existing so there less likely to collapse under weight of ash or shaking. Automatic shut of systems fitted to turn off gas & electric and prevent fires. |
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How can planning reduce the effects of tectonic hazards? |
Future developments avoid most at risk areas. Emergency services train for disaster reducing no. of people killed. Educate people on what to do. Stockpile emergency supplies. If hazard predicted move close to areas likely to be affected. |
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What happens at the equator in Global atmospheric circulation? |
1.The sun warms the earth, transferring heat to the air above causing it to rise. Creates a low pressure belt qith rising air, clouds and rain. 2. As the air rises it cools and moves 30°N&S 3.cool air sinks creating high pressure belt with cloudless skies and little rainfall. 4.the cool air reaches the ground surface and moves as surface winds either back to equator (trade winds blow Se in southern hemisphere and NE in northern at the equator they are heated by the sun causing them to rise and form clouds) or poles (westliers- blow from NW in southern hemisphere and SW in northern). 5. 60°N&S the warmer surface winds meet colder air from poles. Warmer air is less dense so rises =low pressure 6. Some moves to equator and poles 7. At the poles the cold air sinks creating high pressure. This is drawn back to the equator as surface winds. |
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How can tectonic hazards be predicted? |
Earthquakes: cannot be reliably predicted but by monitoring tectonic movement can suggest which ares should prepare for one. Volcano erruption: predicting it gives people time to escape- reducing injuries and deaths. |
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