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270 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the purpose of the dartos and cremaster muscles?
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to maintain temperature of sperm
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The tunica vaginalis is the ___ layer of the testis.
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outer
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The tunica albuginea is the ___ layer of the testis
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inner
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What tissue divides the testis into lobules?
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tunica albuginea
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What is the site where sperm cell production takes place?
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seminiferous tubules
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Each lobule of the testis contains _____ seminiferous tubules
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1-4
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what is the "maturation area" for sperm, it receives sperm from seminiferous tubules.
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Rete testis
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____ transport sperm from rete testis to epididymus
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Efferent ductules
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_____ is a long tube for sperm maturation
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Epididymus.
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What development occurs in the epididymus.
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- swimming ability
- acrosome cap development |
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How long do sperm cells stay in epididymus?
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20 days to 3 months
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What are Leydig cells?
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interstitial cells between seminiferous tubules that produce testosterone
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The spermatic cord is a fibrous connective tissue sehath that encloses what?
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ductus deferens, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics
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The testis is attached to the abdominopelvic cavity through the inguinal canal by the ___
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spermatic cord
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Spongy erectile tissue is composed of ______
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connective tissue and smooth muscle that fills with blood and expands.
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What are the two layers of spongy erectile tissue?
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corpus spongiosum, corpus cavernosa
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The _____ is a dual purpose organ for delivering reproductive fluids and urine.
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Penis
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The _____ is a single ventral column that surrounds the urethra and forms the glans penis and the bulb.
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corpus spongiosum
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What three places do you find spongy erectile tissue?
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penis, vulva, nose!!
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The ____ are paired dorsal columns that expand to form the crura
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Corpus cavernosa
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The corpus spongiosum is on the ____ side of the penis
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Ventral (inferior) (ventral when erect)
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The corpus cavernosa is on the ____ side of the penis.
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Dorsal (superior) (dorsal when erect)
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What are the three regions of the penis?
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root (proximal internal)
shaft (medial external) glans (distal cone shaped) |
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What occurs if a penis remains erect for too long? Why?
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becomes necrotic and gangrenous. No blood flow is occuring because single vein gets pinched off
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The external urethral opening is part of the _____
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glans penis
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The _____ is teh foreskin that is removed during circumcision.
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Prepuce
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The epididymus is made of ___ parts caled the ___, ___, and ___
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3
head, body, and tail. |
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The epididymus is usually about ____ long all coiled up.
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20feet
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The ductus deferens is also called the ___
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vas deferens
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What is the ampulla?
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The part of the vas deferens that expands near the end to the ejaculatory duct.
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The ____ is paired,18 inches long, and carries sperm from the epidymis to ejaculatory duct.
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ductus deferens
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_____ are paired, 1 inch long, and formed by the ampulla joining with seminal vesicle.
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Ejaculatory duct.
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The ejaculatory duct passes throught ___ and into ___
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through prostate into prostatic urethra
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The urethra is a non-paired structure that ____ and ____ in men.
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conveys semen to body surface, serves as passage for urine for excretion in males
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____ are the product of the testis (cellular component)
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Sperm
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Seminal fluid is:
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liquid produced by 3 male accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral (calper's glands).. )
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Semen is what?
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seminal fluid + sperm
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The seminal vesicles are paired structures on_____ surface of bladder.
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posterior
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Seminal vesicles produce secretion that is very _____ and composes ___% of seminal fluid.
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1. very alkaline (neutralize vaginal acidity)
2. 60% |
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The seminal fluid of the seminal vesicles are full of _____ to produce ATP for the sperm to have energy to swim
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Fructose
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___ is inferior to the bladder and encircles the urethra.
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prostate gland
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____% of the seminal fluid comes from the prostate gland.
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33
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The seminal fluid that the prostate contributes contains what?
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Enzymes for sperm activation
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Bulbourethral glands are also called ____
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Cowper's glands.
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Cowper's glands are paired below the prostate and secrete ____
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alkaline mucus to neutralize pH of male urethra (acidic due to urine)
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An erection is a _______ spinal reflex.
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parasympathetic
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Nitric oxide release causes ____ and ____ with blocked venous return causing ___
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1. vasodilation & engorgement
2. causing an erection |
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Male ejaculate usually contains about _____ semen and ___ sperm cells.
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1.5 tsp, 1 million sperm
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For reproduction to work and get proper response, the ___ and ___ must work together!!!
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parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
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Ejaculation is a ______ spinal reflex?
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sympathetic
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During ejaculation, the ducts and glands contract, and ____ prevents backflow to the bladder.
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internal urinary sphincter
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If the internal urinary sphincter didn't close, what would occur?
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The sperm take path of least resistance and ejaculation goes into the bladder (retrograde ejaculation)
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Male sexual response begins at ___ and ends at ___
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begins at puberty, ends at death
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What are spermatogonia?
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Stem cells that produce sperm vial mitosis.
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The spermatogonia produce a _____ daughter cell that stays at the edge of the seminiferous tubule and becomes the next spermatogonia
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Type A
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The type B spermatocyte crosses the ______ to become the ___
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blood-testis barrier
primary spermatocyte |
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Where are the spermatogonia found?
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Periphery of seminiferous tubules.
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What is a primary spermatocyte?
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Go through meiosis I to produce two secondary spermatocytes.
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___ undergo meiosis II to produce two spermatids
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secondary spermatocytes
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Spermiogenesis is ____
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process by which spermatids become a sperm
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During spermiogenesis, excess ____ is lost.
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cytoplam
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A ____ is produced (mitochonidria) during spermiogenesis.
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Midpiece
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____ are produced and assist with movement of the sperm during spermiogenesis.
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Flagellum
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What three things are created during spermiogenesis?
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midpiece, flagellum, acrosome
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How long does spermiogenesis take?
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64-72 days
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____ cannot swim or penetrate ovum until the mature in the epididymus.
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lumenal sperm
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____ are the cells that surround spermatogonia and spermatids in the seminiferous tubules.
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Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells
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Tight junctions of sustentacular cells form ____
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blood testis barrier
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The basal compartment of the sustentacular cells contains ___
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spermatogonia
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The blood-testis barrier separates _____ and ____
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basal compartment and adluminal compartment
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Adluminal compartment contains ____
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Other developmental stages (not spermatiogonia) - on other side of blood-testis membrane
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LH triggers ___ to release testosterone.
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Leydig
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___ causes Sertoli cells to release ABP
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FSH
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What is inhibin?
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hormone released by sertoli cells when the sperm cell is too high and stops release of FSH
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The brain-testicular axis is hormone regulation of the male genitalia that inovles what?
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GnRH, LH, FSH, and testes
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Increased BMR, Libido,development of secondary sex characteristics, and devleopment and maintenance of accessory sex organs are effects of _____
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testosterone
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_____ are the primary sex organ in males.
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Testes
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____ are the primary sex organ in females.
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Ovaries
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The ovaries are paired and held in place by ___
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ligaments
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What two "tunics" over the ovaries?
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1. germinal epithelium (outer) - simple cuboidal
2. Tunica albuguinea - fibrous connective tissue |
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The ____ is vascular and contains ovarian follicles.
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Ovarian cortex
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What are ovarian follicles?
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They contain developing oocytes
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What are the stages/ steps taht the ovarian follicles go through?
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1. primordial (primitive)
2. primary 3. secondary 4. Graafian 5. corpus luteum 6. corpus albicans |
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The ____ extend from ovary to uterus and transport the ovum.
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Uterine/ fallopian tubes.
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The three parts of the uterine tube are the:
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1. isthmus
2. ampulla 3. infundibulum |
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The ___ is the constricted region of the uterine tube near the uterus.
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Isthmus
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The ___ is the expanded region of the uterine tube around the ovary.
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ampulla
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The ___ is the distal end of the uterine tube with the fibriae.
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infundibulum
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The most common site of fertilization within the fallopian tube is the ___
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ampulla
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The egg is usually available or open to fertilization for -___ hours
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24-36 hours
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The ___ is the hollow, thick, muscular organ that is the site of implantation.
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Uterus
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What are the three regions of the uterus?
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Fundus, body, cervix
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The mucosa of the uterine tubes is made of ____ cells
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Ciliated simple columnar cells.
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The cilia of the fallopian tube function to ___
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move the egg to the uterus (but cause opposition to sperm)
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The muscularis of the uterine tubes is responsible for ___
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peristalsis
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Once fertilized, the egg takes ____ days to travel and implant to uterus.
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5-7
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What is parturition?
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labor/ delivery of baby
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What are the 3 layers of uterine histology?
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1. endometrium
2. myometrium 3. perimetrium |
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If the ovarian ligaments tear/ come loose, it may result in a ____
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prolapsed uterus
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The body of the uterus (does/ does not) include the fundus
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Does
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The part of the uterus that goes through the monthly changes is the ___
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body (including the fundus)
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The bulk of the uterus is the ___. (histologically)
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myometrium
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The endometrium is composed of what 2 sublayers?
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stratum functionale, stratum basale
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Which layer of the uterus is shed during mensruation?
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The stratum functionale of the endometrium.
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The ____ is served by spiral arteries and is composed of columnar epithelium, glands, etc.
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Stratum functionale
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The stratum basale is served by _____ that do not clamp down and do not shed.
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straight arteries
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What causes the stratum functionale to shed?
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Spiral arteries clamp down, tissue has no blood supply and dies off and then is shed
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What is endometriosis.
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Stratum functionale spreads out and grows outside of the uterus.
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The outer most layer of the uterus is the ???
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Perimetrium
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The ___ is the muscular tube from cervix to exterior.
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Vagina
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What is the female copulatory structure?
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Vagina
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What are the two regions of the vagina?
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Fornix and vaginal orifice.
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What portion of the vagina surrounds the cervix?
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Fornix
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The vaginal orifice of the vagina is the ____
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distal opening.
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Where is cervical cancer most common? Why?
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At the point where fornix meets cervix because of rapidly changing tissue in that area.
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The three histological layers of the vagina are the:
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1. mucosa (non-keratinized stratified squamous
2. muscularis (smooth muscle 3. adventitia - connective tissue outer layer |
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The ___ is adipose pad that overlays the pubic bone.
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mons pubis
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Outermost hair covered skin folds of female genitalia are teh ____
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labia majora (analgous to male scrotum)
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Hairless skin folds that lines vestibule of female genitalia is the ___
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Labia minora
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The vestibule is the ___ and contains the ___
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longitudinal cleft,
includes the clitoris, urethral orifice, vaginal orifice, vestibular (Bartholin's) glands |
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The ___ secrete a mucus to keep vestibule moist in female genitalia.
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Vestibular (Bartholin's) glands
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The term for the external female genitalia is ___
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vulva or pudendum
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Name the structures in the female vulva from anterior to posterior.
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clitoris, urethral orifice, vaginal orifice, bartholin's glands,
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What are the female stem cells for oogenesis?
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Oogonia
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What stages of oogenesis occur before puberty (before birth)?
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oogonia divide by mitosis to form primary oocytes and begin meiosis but arrest at prophase I
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At puberty, each month a ____ completes meiosis to form ____ and ___.
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1. primary oocytes
2. secondary oocyte and pfirst polar body |
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In oogenesis, the secondary oocyte arrests at ____
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Metaphase II
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What is a polar body?
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Wasted genetic junk - 1 oocyte becomes 1 egg (not 2 or 4!!!)
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Meiosis finishes at ____, producing __ and __
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finishes at fertilization, produces ovum and second polar body.
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The ___ phase of the female reproductive cycle is from days 1-13
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follicular phase
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A primordial oocyte becomes a primary and secondary oocyte occur during the ___ phase.
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Follicular phase
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A secondary oocyte is ___
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post meiosis I
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During the follicular cells stratify into ____
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granulosa cells
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WHat is a theca folliculi?
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connective tissue that forms around a follicle to produce angrogens which are converted to estrogens
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A primordial cell is surrounded by ____ cells, whereas a primary cell is ___ cells.
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1. simple squamous
2. simple cuboidal |
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What is the zona pellucida
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layer around egg that creates a species-specific barrier so only human sperm could fertilize it. Also, makes it so only one sperm can fertilize it.
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During the follicular phase, the secondary follicle becomes a ______.
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Graafian follicle
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Once the seconary follicle becomes a graafian cell, the oocyte is surrounded by ____
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corona radiata within the cumulus oophorus
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What is the cumulus oophus?
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Mound of cells that the graafian cell is resting on, surrounded by row of cells called corona radiata
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What day of the cycle does ovulation usually occur?
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Day 14
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During ovulation, the ___ is released into ____ and pulled into __
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1. graafian follicle
2. peritoneal cavity 3. oviduct |
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If egg is not fertilized, folicle becomes ____ and secretes ____
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corpus luteum, secretes progesterone
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If an egg is not fertilized, follicle degenerates to ___
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corpus albicans
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Days 15-28 of the female reproductive cycle are called the ___phase
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luteal phase
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GnRH levles rise in teh ovarian cycle to stimulate release of ___
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FSH and LH
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LH causes thecal cells to produce __
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androgens
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____ causes grandulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogens
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FSH
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High estrogen levels produce _____ feedback mechanism to increase ____
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positive
LH and FSH |
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LH surge triggers ___
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ovulation
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LH surge converts follicle to ___
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corpus luteum and production of estrogen and progesterone
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When LH drops, the corpus luteum ___
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disintegrates
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After day 14, estrogen levels go down and _____ levels take over
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Progesterone
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What are the three phases of the Uterine (Menstrual) cycle?
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menstrual phase days 1-5
proliferative phase 6-14 secretory phase 15-28 |
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Birth control reverses the levels of _____ and ____ confusing the body
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progesterone and estrogen
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What occurs during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
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stratum functionale is shed
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What occurs during hte proliferative phse of the menstrual cycle?
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rising estrogen rebuilds endometrium
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What occurs during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
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Rising progesterone prepares uterus for implantation
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What are the three major extra-uterine rolls of estrogen?
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develop and maintain accessory sex organs
develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics metabolic effects |
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What is the major extra-uterine function of progesterone?
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Prepares breasts for lactation?
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What is urethritis?
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Inflammation of the urethra without concurrent bladder infection.
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Urethritis is usually caused by ____ and may be classified in what two ways?
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1. normally an STD
2. May be gonococcal or non gonococcal |
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What are some non-sexual causes of urethritis?
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urologic procedures, insertion of foreign bodies (catheters), anatomic abnormalities, trauma
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The ____ form of urethritis is rare and may have several causes.
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non-infectious
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Urethral tingling, itching, burning with urination, frequency, and urgency (may or may not have purulent urine or discharge) are symptoms of _____.
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urethritis
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Large amounts of ethyl or wood-grain alcohol, terpentine, or some other substances are causes of____
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non-infectious urethritis
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_____ is an abnormal dilation of a vein in the spermatic cord.
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Varicocele
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Most varicoceles occur on the ____ side and may be painful.
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Left
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In older males, varicoceles are a late sign of _____.
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Renal tumor
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What causes a varicocele?
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Incompetent or missing valves that decrease testicular blood flow
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____% of males develop varicoceles.
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10
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What is a hydrocele?
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Collection of fluid in male tunica vaginalis (between visceral and parietal layers).
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What is the most common cause of scrotal swelling?
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Hydrocele
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What are the two forms of hydrocele and their causes?
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1. primary - unknown mechanism
2. secondary - trauma, infection, tumor |
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Hydrocele compresses ____ and causes ____
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compresses blood supply and causes atrophy
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A normally painless diverticulum of epididymus between head of epididymus and testes at the efferent ducts is called a ___.
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Spermatocele
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Spermatoceles are filled with what type of fluid?
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Milky, sperm-filled fluid
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A discreet, firm, freelymobile mass distinct from tetis that is NOT a tumor is most likely a ____
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spermatocele
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Rotation of the testis that twists blood vessels is called a __
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testicular torsion
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Testicular torsion may occur _____ or after ____
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1 may occur spontaneously at any age (esp children)
2. or following exertion or trauma |
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_____ causes vascular engorgement and ischemia of the testes, severe pain, and is a medical emergency.
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Testicular torsion
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What is epididymitis?
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Inflammation of the epididymis
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Epididymitis is usually caused by what?
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An STD in young men & adolescents
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What population is at higher risk or likelihood of epididymitis?
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Men >35 with urinary tract infections and prostatitis.
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What is another name for testicular torsion?
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Acute scrotum
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Rank from least to most severe: - hydrocele, spermatocele, varicocele.
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least severe: spermatocele
middle: varicocele worst: hydrocele |
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Epididymitis can be infectious or ____ causes
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Chemical
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What is a common cause of chemical inflammation causing epididymitis?
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Urine back flow when doing heaving lifting or straining.
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____ may cause acute and severe pain to scrotum and inguinal canal area.
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Epididymitis
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Abscesses, testicular infarction, recurrent infections, and infertility may be complications of ___
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epididymitis
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How likely is testicular cancer to be cured?
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If caught early, up to 95% - very likely!
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Most testicular cancers are ____
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germ cell tumors
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Seminomas are tumors that arise from ____
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germ cells
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A very small percent of testicular tumors are ____ and come from ___ tissues
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non-seminomas, come from other tissues like Leydig or Sertoli cells
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____ are the most aggressive types of testicular cancer.
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Non-seminomas
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WHat is the cause of testicular cancer?
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Unknown
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What is the first sign of testicular cancer?
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Painless testicular enlargement
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Because males don't do regular scrotal checks, ____% of testicular cancers have metastasized by diagnosis
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10
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What steps can help correctly diagnose testicular cancer?
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physical exam, ultrasound, tumor markers, biopsy
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what is amenorrhea?
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absence or suppression of menstruation
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The majority of patients with amenorrhea is due to____
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abnormal pattern of hormones such as prevention of estrogen production, blocked action of estrogen, underweight, thalamus probs, etc
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____ is painful menstruation that limits normal activity.
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dysmenorrhea
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Cramps in suprapubic region that radiate to thigh and sacrum during a period is called ____ and may also have what symptoms?
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dysmenorrhea,
nausea, diarrhea, headaceh |
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Dysmenorrhea (is/is not) related to pathological condition.
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is not
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In primary dysmenorrhea, _____ is implicatd and causes release of ____ That cause ____
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1. progesterone
2. release of prostaglandins 3. causes muscle cramping and inflammation |
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Secondary form of dysmenorrhea is related to ___
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an underlying condition
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secondary dysmenorrhea ______ with age and may present with _____, ____, ___
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increases, may present with endometriosis, leiomyomas, pelvic adhesions
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Primary dysmenorrhea _____ with age.
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decreases
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___ is an infection of the vagina by STDs and candida albicans
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Vaginitis
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The most common age for aginitis is ___
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10-24
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Vaginitis results from loss of _____
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local defenses - skin integrity, immune reaction, vaginal pH
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What are some factors that increase likelihood of vaginitis
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douching, soaps, spermicides, feminine hygiene sprays, pregnancy, diabetes, antibiotics
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Treatment for vaginitis involves:
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restore acidic environment, relieve symptoms, antimicrobial/fungal meds
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Clinical signs of vaginitis include ____ and diagnosis can be based on ___
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1. change to vaginal secretions
2. diagnosis on history, PE, and exam of discharge |
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Early detection of cervical cancer can be done by ___
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Pap Smears
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Precancerous dysplasia on a pap spear is common and can be caused by ____.
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HPV, smoking, immunosuppression, poor nutrition
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In cervical cancer, premalignant lesions occur _______ years prior to invasive carcinoma
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10-12 years
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What is CIN?
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Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia-
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What is the biggest cause of cervical cancer?
|
HPV
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What is the most common site of cervical cancer?
|
squamous-columnar junction at zone where tissue is changing
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Direct invasive of adjacent tissue is called ____
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invasive carcinoma
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Cervical cancer may often be _____
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asymptomatic
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Where does endometrial cancer arise from?
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Glandular epithelium of uterine lining.
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Most patients who are diagnosed with endometrial cancer are ______
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post-menopausal
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What is the primary risk factor for endometrial cancer?
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Unopposed estrogen exposure with resultant hyperplasia
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What are secondary risk factors of endometrial cancer?
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infertility, diabetes, gallbladder disease, hypertension, obesity, and genetics
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Why does endometrial cancer occur mostly in older women?
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They frequently take estrogen supplementation to control menopause symptoms
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What are protective factors to prevent endometrial cancer?
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Oral contraceptives, pregnancy in earlier life.
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Endrometrial cancers are usually ____ and screened through _____
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1. adenocarcinomas
2. endometrial biopsy. |
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What are major risks for ovarian cancer?
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age >40, early menarche, late menopause, and use of fertility drugs
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What can protect against ovarian cancer?
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Anything that suppresses ovulation. (prolonged lactation, oral contraceptives, etc)
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What is the cause of ovarian cancer?
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Unknown - no genetic pattern
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Most ovarian cancers are ____ neoplasms
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Epithelial ovarian neoplasms (single cell with clonal expansion)
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Ovarian cancer is normally not diagnosed until after ___
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metastasis
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Symptoms of ovarian cancer include:
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pain, abdominal swelling, GI problems, possible vaginal bleeding
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Ovarian cysts can occur any time in life and are most common with _____.
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hormonal imbalance.
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What are the two types of functional cysts?
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a cyst in a follicular cell or corpus luteum
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___ is produced when a follicle is stimulated but no dominant folicle matures.
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Ovarian cyst
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Each month ____ follicles are stimulated, and ____ is dominant
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120 stimulated, 1 is dominant
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What is a way to tell between a follicular cyst or a luteal cyst?
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Luteal = blood filled
follicular = clear fluid filled |
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In a ____ a dominant follicle fails to rupture or ____ follicle fails to regress.
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1. follicular cyst
2. non-dominant follicle |
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Bloatedness, swollen/tender breasts, heavy menses are all signs of ____
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follicular ovarian cysts.
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Treatment for follicular cysts includes:
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leaving it alone to resolve on its own
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A ____ cyst is due to low LH and progesterone.
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corpus luteum cyst
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dull pelvic pain, amenorrhea, and massive bleeding with rupture are symptoms of ___
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corpus luteum cysts
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In a corpus luteum cyst, the normal intracystic hemorrhage is not ____
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replaced by clear fluid - continues to bleed
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____ is the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
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Endometriosis
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What is the cause of endometriosis?
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Unknown- retrograde menstruation contributes
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In endometriosis, uterine tissue implants _____ and the bleeding from retrograde menstruation causes ____
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1. throughout the body
2. inflammation |
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What is one way to cure endometriosis.
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Pregnancy
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_____ is an uncommon conditio of prolonged penile erection
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Priapism
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60% of priapsms are ____ and 40% are caused by ___.
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60% idiopathic
the rest = trauma/tumor/disease |
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What drug can more commonly cause priapism,
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cocaine use
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In priapism, the ____ is tender and hte ____ and ____ are not engorged.
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1. corpora cavernosa tender to palpation
2. corpus spongiosum and glans are not engorged |
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What is the end result of a priapism is not fixed?
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necrosis and death
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Most cases of priapism are thought to be due to _____ obstruction
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venous
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What is a urethral stricture?
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Fibrotic narrowing caused by scarring of the urethra.
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Urethral strictres can be ____ or ___
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Congenital or Traumatic
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What are traumatic causes of urethral stricture?
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catheter, pelvic fracture, etc - inflammatory process causes scarring
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What are common complications of urethral strictures?
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prostatitis and infection secondary to urine stasis
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Severe obstruction in urethral strictures can cause _____ and ____
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hydronephrosis and renal failure
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Symptoms of ____ are due to bladder outlet obstruction.
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urethral strictures
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Primary ____ is the inability to attain erection throughout life.
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Erectile dysfunction impotence
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What is secondary erectile dysfunction impotence?
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Ability to achieve erections once existed but now is gone
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What is the more common form of erectile dysfunction?
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Secondary
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What are some causes of erectile dysfunction>
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vascular disease, medication, endocrine disorder, trauma, etc.
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Erectile dysfunction is also called ____
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impotence
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Impotence can be due to _____ insufficiency
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Arterial (ateriosclerosis, diabetes)
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What medications can contribute to impotence?
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anti-hypertensives, anti-histamines, anti-depressants
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What is an endocrine cause of erectile dysfunction?
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decreased or no LH (lutenizing hormone)
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What are the two main classes of medications that result in impotence?
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Cardiac meds, psych meds
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