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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell-to-cell communication molecules |
hormones |
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hormones are released from ___ or ___ |
true endocrine glands or neural tissue |
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extension of the neural tissue |
posterior pituitary gland |
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true endocrine glad that secretes 6 classic hormones |
anterior pituitary gland |
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-built from smaller, inactive prohormones -bind surface membrane receptors that activate a signal transduction system -can't enter their target cells (must combine w/ membrane receptors that initiate signal transduction process) ex: insulin, vasopressin, ocytocin |
peptide or protein hormones |
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-cholesterol-derived -lipophilic & easily cross membranes -bind carrier proteins in blood for transport -cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors -sometimes cell membrane receptors -act primarily on intracellular receptors |
steroids |
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role in mediating long-term stress |
cortisol |
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-derived from 1 or 2 amino acids -have long-term effects on metabolism -essential for growth & dev. in children & infants -controlled by anterior pituitary |
amino acid-derived, or amine hormones |
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thyroid gland secretes too much hormone |
hyperthyroidism |
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combined effect > sum of individual effects |
synergism |
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need second hormone to get full effect |
permissiveness |
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one substance opposes the action of another |
antagonism |
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contraction pushes sperm from testes to urethra |
vans deferens |
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produce sperm & androgens |
testes |
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-erectile tissues -fill w/ blood during erection -sponge-like tissue -containing irregular blood-filled spaces lined by endothelium |
corpora cavernosa |
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surrounds urethra -sugary, keeps sperm alive -zinc -expelled in first ejaculate fraction |
prostate gland |
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-alkaline fluid, jelly-like texture -proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C & prostaglandins -expelled in 2nd ejaculate -reduces sperm motility |
seminal vessicle |
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-salty, viscous pre-ejaculate -lubricates urethra -helps flush out residual urine or foreign matter -have one on each side (2 total) |
bulbourethral gland |
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part of sperm that contains enzymes to aid fertilization |
acrosome |
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first 14 days of 28 day cycle |
follicular phase |
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0-7 days of 28 day cycle |
menses |
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last 14 days of 28 day cycle |
luteal phase |
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rising levels of estrogen increasing progesterone cause LH surge; FSH suppressed by inhibin |
late follicular phase & ovulation |
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lower estrogen shuts off FSH & LH |
early to mid-luteal phase |
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estrogen & progesterone fall when corpus luteum dies. gonadotropins start folicular dev. for a new cycle |
late luteal phase |
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progesterone is mainly produced by the |
corpus luteum |
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FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is produced by the |
anterior pituitary |
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causes hormone-induced cell death in follicles -only produced in females |
Anti-Mullerien Hormone |
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in females, testosterone is produced by |
thecal cells |
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prevents other sperm from penetrating the oocyte |
cortical reaction |
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Androgen-binding protein is found in |
the testes |
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substance that causes an immune response (causes reproduction of antibodies) |
immunogen |
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mediate innate immune responses |
toll-like receptors |
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immune cells (white blood cells) stem from |
bone marrow |
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majority of leukocytes are |
phagocytes |
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menopause in F is mainly caused by |
lack of ovary response to gonadotropins |
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a pathology of the immune system |
type I diabetes |
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allows spermatozoa to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuse with the oocyte membrane |
acrosome reaction |
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"rescue" of corpus luteum -basis of pregnancy tests |
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
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process of labor controlled by a _ _ _ that ends with delivery |
positive feedback loop |
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reduction in testosterone levels (# of sperm decrease) |
cause of Andropause in M |
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-hot flashes, atrophy of genitalia & breasts, osteoporosis -hormone replacement theory (HRT) & selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) |
absence of estrogen |
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body's ability to protect itself from itself & disease causing entities |
immunity |
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key features of immune system |
specificity & memory |
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3 major functions of immune system |
recognize (& remove abnormal "self" cells) remove (dead or damaged cells) protect (against disease-causing invaders (pathogens)) |
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anything an antibody can bind to |
antigens |
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worst case pathology of immune system (immunodeficiency) ex: AIDS caused by HIV |
lack of response |
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immune system pathology that causes autoimmune disease ex: type 1 diabetes |
incorrect responses |
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immune system pathology that causes allergies |
overactive responses |
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viruses can replicate only ___ host cells |
inside |
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protective barrier of skin & mucous membranes (body's first line of defense) |
epithelium |
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salivary glands & glands in the airways secrete mucous & immunoglobulins to trap & disable inhaled or ingested pathogens (chemical barrier- one of first defenses) |
glandular secretions |
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low pH of the stomach (Chemical barrier-one of body's first defenses) |
stomach acidity |
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nonspecific immune response -inflammation |
innate immunity |
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specified immune response -need to be exposed to invader to produce response, then later have memory of it & know how to fight back |
acquired (adaptive) immunity |
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primary lymphoid tissue -produce/educates T lymphocytes |
Thymus gland |
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primary lymphoid tissue -produces most blood cells |
bone marrow |
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secondary lymphoid tissue -spleen & lymph nodes |
encapsulated lymphoid tissues |
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secondary lymphoid tissue -tonsils & gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) |
diffuse lymphoid tissues |
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cells that ingest other things |
phagocytes |
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cells that kill other cells |
cytotoxic cells |
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neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes & macrophages are all exs of what kind of cell |
phagocytes |
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-recognize virus-infected cells & induce apoptosis or osmotic cell lysis -attack some tumor cells -secrete cytokines, including interferons |
natural killer cells |
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prevent viral replication |
interferon- alpha & beta |
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activates macrophages & other immune cells |
interferon-gamma |
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create inflammatory response |
cytokines |
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-attract immune cells & chemical mediators to the site -produce a physical barrier to slow spread of infections -promote tissue repair once infection is under control |
important roles of inflammation |
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occurs when body is exposed to a pathogen & produces its own antibodies (ex: flu shot or any vaccine) |
active immunity |
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occurs when we acquire antibodies made by another organism (ex: blood transfusions) |
passive immunity |
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secrete/produce antibodies -activated B lymphocytes develop into these |
plasma cells |
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attack & destroy virus-infected cells -activated T lymphocytes develop into these |
cytotoxic T cells |
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regulate other immune cells -activated T lymphocytes develop into these |
helper T cells |
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inflammatory immune response to a non-pathogen antigen |
allergen |
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allow recognition of foreign tissue |
MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins |
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most common blood type; universal donor |
type O |
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rarest blood type; universal acceptor |
type AB |
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cells that produce ABP |
sertoli cells |
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cells responsible for dev. of oocyte |
granulosa & thecal cells |
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