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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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uniramian characteristics
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appendages are unbranched, 1 pair of antennae, mandibles "jaws" present, 2 pairs of maxillae (usually), body is covered with a waxy cuticular exoskeleton, open circulatory system
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open circulatory system in arthropods
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blood (hemolymph) empties into sinuses to bathe organs and tissues and returns directly from the hemocoel to the dorsal contractile heart through ostia
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Gas exchange
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tracheal system; a system of thin-walled (air) tracheal tubes open to the outside by valved spiracles that carry oxygen to the tissues; if juveniles are aquatic they may have gills
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Digestive system
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complete with regional specialization; foregut, midgut, hindgut; inner cuticle lining of the foregut and hindgut gets molted as well; midgut is where absorption of nutrients takes place
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Excretion
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malpighian tubules at the end of the hindgut; allows insects to reabsorb water along with K+ and Na+ ions; helps insects withstand terrestrial environments by preventing water loss
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Reproduction
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separate sexes; usually internal fertilization; a few show maternal care; some show sexual cannibalism
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Flight
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some insects have both direct and indirect flight msucles(Orthoptera, Odonata); direct muscles pull the wings down; indirect muscles pull body wall down and wings get uplifted "by default"; some insects have only indirect flight muscles (Diptera, Hymenoptera)
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Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Chilopoda |
centipedes; active predators, body flattened dorsoventrally, 2 tagmata (head and trunk), 1 pair of appendages per somite (segment), some have poison claws on 1st somite; eyes on either side of the head consist of clusters of ocelli; a pair of spiracles per somite; two malpighian tubules; some lay eggs, others are viviparous
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Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Diplopoda |
millipedes; generally herbivores and detritovores; cylindrical body; 2 tagmata but have 2 appendages per somite; head has two clusters of ocelli; two pairs of spiracles per somite; female lays eggs in a nest and guards them; some millipedes secrete defensive toxic fluids from special glands (hydrogen cyanide); larvae have only one pair of legs to each somite
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Subphylum Hexapoda
Class Insecta |
insects are primarily terrestrial and conserve water by malpighian tubules, waxy/waterproof cuticular exoskeleton, and valved spiracles
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success
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numerous species
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reasons insects are so successful
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body plan is capable of great modification allowing much adaptive radiation; evolved numerous adaptations to many different environments and niches; flight allows insects to disperse to new habitats, escape bad conditions, move to new food sources; small size can exploit more niches; short generation time; metamorphosis keeps life stages from competing; winged adults for dispersal; sophisticated sensory system; sophisticated behavior and communication; co-evolutionary interactions with other organisms (ex: mutualism and parasitism)
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metamerism and tagmosis
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insects are uniformly tagmatized; 9-11 segmented abdomen; 3 segmented thorax (pro, meso, meta); 6 segmented head
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Abdomen
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no appendages, 8 pairs of spiracles
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Thorax
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3 pairs of thoracic appendages; 2 pairs of wings; 2 pairs of spiracles
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Head
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compound eyes, 1 pair of antennae, 3 pairs of mouth appendages
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ametabolous
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no metamorphosis & wingless, primitive insects develop this way
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Subclass Apterygota
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hexapods that have ametabolous development; body changes in size, but little in form; immatures resemble small adults; a series of molts give rise to adults; examples are springtails (Order Collembola) and silver fish (Order Thysanura)
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Subclass Pterygota
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winged insects that undergo 1 of 2 types of metamorphosis from a growing/non-reproducing larva or nymph to a non-growing/reproducing adult; adults don't molt but usually have wings and larva molt, but don't have wings
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Exopterygota
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type of metamorphosis; division of subclass pterygota; wings bud outside; hemimetabolous development (incomplete metamorphosis); egg -> molting nymphal instars (stages) -> adult; example is grasshopper
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Endopterygota
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type of metamorphosis; division of subclass pterygota; wings bud inside; make up about 88% of insects; Holometabolous development (complete metamorphosis); egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult; example monarch butterfly, mosquitoes)
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pupa
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stage found in holometabolous metamorphosis; "re-differentiation & re-organization" of tissues; non-feeding; cocoon or chrysalis
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Class Insecta
Subclass Pterygota Division Exopterygota |
Order Orthroptera(crickets & locust)
Order Isoptera (termites) Order Odonata(dragonflies) Order Hemiptera ("true" bugs) Order Homoptera (leaf hoppers & cicadas) |
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Order Orthoptera
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crickets, grasshoppers, cockroaches, mantids
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Order Isoptera
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termites; have gut endosymbionts; exhibit eusociality
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Order Odonata
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dragonflies, damselflies; toothed Jaw
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Order Hemiptera
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"true bugs"; half-winged; water bugs, bed bugs, shield bugs, stink bugs, assassin bugs; base or proximal "half" of 1st wing is hardened
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Order Homoptera
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cicads, aphids, leaf hoppers; mouthparts modified as proboscis to suck up sap; whole-winged
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Class Insecta
Subclass Pterygota Division Endopterygota |
Order Coleoptera
Order Lepidoptera Order Hymenoptera Order Diptera |
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Order Coleoptera
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beetles; sheath wings; top pair of wings is modified into an armor like covering called an elytra; greatest number of insect species
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Oder Diptera
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flies, mosquitoes; two wings; have only 1 pair of flying wings; 2nd pair of wings are reduced to halteres and used in balance ("stabilizers")
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Order Hymenoptera
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bees, wasps, ants; married wings; exhibit eusociality
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Order Lepidoptera
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butterflies, moths; scaled wings
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Butterflies
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wings fold at rest, antennae thinner, mostly diurnal and colorful, pupate in an exposed chrysalis
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Moths
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wings spread at rest; antennae diverse/fuller; mostly nocturnal and drab; pupate in a silk cocoon
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Eusocial insects live in societies characterized by
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cooperative care of young; overlapping generations; polymorphism (caste system)
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Kin theory
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proposed theory that explains why eusocial insects care for someone else's offspring and give up reproduction; individuals in colony are related (share genes), so the overall fitness (# of genes an individual's genes passed on) remains high even if they don't reproduce
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