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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine system
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system of glands that release hormones which act as information signals to regulate various functions
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endocrine glands
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secrete hormones directly to bloodstream
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exocrine glands
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secrete chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) to outside the body via ducts
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endocrine glands in the head
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pituitary
pineal |
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endocrine glands in the neck & chest
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neck
thyroid, parathyroid chest thymus |
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endocrine glands in the abdomen
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adrenal glands (2)
pancreas gonads (2) m: testes f: ovaries |
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pineal gland
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located in central brain
secr melatonin inhibited by sunlight, increases with deprivation of light |
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melatonin
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supports biological clock
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thymus gland
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posterior to sternum, internal to mediastinum
resembles a lymph gland secr thymosin important in immune response development of newborns shrinks in childhood |
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myasthenia gravis
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neurologic-muscular disorder
removal of thymus helpful |
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hormone
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substance, secreted by an endocrine gland, that travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland
chemical messenger of endocrine system Can be secreted by endocrine tissue that is not part of an endocrine gland |
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body tissue
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secr prostaglandins
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prostaglandins
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aggregation of platelets
contract uterus lower gastric acid secretion lower BP |
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GI tract
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Cholecystokinin: contract gallbladder
Gastrin: Stims gastric secretion Secretin: stims pancreatic enzymes |
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Kidney
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secr EPO, which stims RBC production
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Placenta
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secr human chorionic gonadotropin to sustain pregnancy
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skin
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secr vitamin D, influences Ca absorption
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thyroid gland parts
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inferior to thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
anterior to trachea Lobes: left & right lateral to trachea isthmus: joins the 2 lobes anteriorly |
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hormones secr by thyroid
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calcitonin
T₄ T₃ |
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T₃ & T₄
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T₄
tetraiodothyronine tetra=4 (iodine atoms) T₃ triiodothyronine tri=3 (iodine atoms) idio: iodine; thyr/o: thyroid synthed from iodine & tyrosine maintain normal level of metabolism in all body cells |
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calcitonin
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thyroid hormone
secr in response to high blood Ca²⁺ levels stims uptake of Ca²⁺ from blood to build bone |
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parathyroid glands
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4 small oval bodies on dorsal (posterior) aspect of thyroid
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PTH
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parathyroid hormone aka parathormone
secr in response to low blood Ca²⁺ levels stims the release of Ca²⁺ from bones to blood |
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homeostasis
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dynamic equilibrium of constant internal environment
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adrenal glands
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2 small glands on superior apex of each kidney
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adrenal cortex
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outer portion of renal gland
secr corticosteroids (cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones) |
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adrenal medulla
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inner portion of renal gland
secr catecholamines |
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corticosteroids
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complex chemicals derived from steroids
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catecholamines
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chemicals derived from amino acids
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3 types of corticosteroids
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sweet salty sex
glucocorticoids mineralcorticoids sex hormones |
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glucocorticoids
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influence metabolism of sugars, fats, proteins, has anti-inflammatory effect
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cortisol
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glucocorticoid
regs metabolism of glucose, fat, protein incr blood glucose in response to stress |
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cortisone
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useful for treating inflammatory conditions
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aldosterone
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mineralcorticoid
regs concentration of salts (electrolytes) acts on kidney to cause active reabsorption of Na⁺, which drags water after it, incr blood volume causes excretion of K⁺ |
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sex hormones
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androgens & estrogens secr in small amounts
influence secondary sex characteristics |
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epinephrine
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catecholamine secr by adrenal medulla
incr HR & BP, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from glycogen |
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norepinephrine
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catecholamine secr by adrenal medulla
incr BP via vasoconstriction |
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sympathomimetic agents
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agents that mimic actions of sympathetic nervous system
e.g. catecholamines |
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pancreas
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near & partly posterior to stomach in L1-2 region
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pancreas - endocrine
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Islets of Langerhans
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Islets of Langerhans
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hormone-producing cells in pancreas
alpha & beta cells |
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pancreas - exocrine
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98% of pancreas is exocrine cells
secr digestive enzymes into GI tract |
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beta cells
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produce insulin
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alpha cells
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produce glucagon
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insulin
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stims uptake of glucose from blood to body cells & conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis)
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glucagon
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incr blood sugar by stimming conversion of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis)
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sella turcica
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small cavity in skull that houses the pituitary gland
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pituitary gland - parts
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aka hypophysis
small pea-sized gland (1/16th of an ounce, 1/2" diameter) housed in sella turcica comprised of 2 lobes adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) - bigger neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) "master gland" because it controls other endocrine glands |
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hypothalamus
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sited inferior to thalamus, superior to pituitary gland
sends releasing & inhibiting factors (hormones) pituitary via capillaries to adenohypophysis directly to neurohypophysis |
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adenohypophysis hormones
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AGSTP
adrencorticotropic hormone gonadotropin somatotropin thyrotropin prolactin |
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ACTH
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adrenocorticotropic hormone
stims growth of adrenal cortex, incr its secr of steroid hormones (cortisol) |
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Gonadotropins
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follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone |
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FSH
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follicle-stimulating hormone
stims growth of ova ovaries stims production of spermatozoa in testes |
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LH
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luteinizing hormone
promotes ovulation stims testes to produce testosterone |
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Somatotropin
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Growth hormone
stims protein synthesis resulting in growth of bones, muscles & other tissues |
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TSH
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thyroid-stimulating hormone, a thyrotropin
stims thyroid gland |
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PRL
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prolactin
stims milk production |
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neurohypophysis hormones
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stores & releases 2 hormones synthed by hypothalamus
antidiuretic hormone oxytocin |
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ADH
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antidiuretic hormone aka vasopressin
stims reabsorption of water by kidney tubules incr BP by constricting arterioles |
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OT
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oxytocin
stims uterine contractions during childbirth maintains labor secr during suckling causes production of milk from mammary glands |
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ovaries
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2 small glands in lower abs of women
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ovaries produce...
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ovum & hormones
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estrogens
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secr by ovaries & to a lesser extent by adrenal cortex
estradiol & estrone stim ova development & development of secondary sex characteristics |
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progesterone
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ovarian hormone
prep & maintain uterus in pregnancy |
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testes
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2 small ovoid glands suspended from inguinal region of males
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testes produce...
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spermatozoa & testosterone
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androgen
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male steroid hormone secr by tested and to a lesser extent by adrenal cortex
stims sperm development & development of secondary sex characteristics |
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adrenaline
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aka epinephrine
secr by adrenal medulla incr HR & BP, dilates airways part of fight/flight response |
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electrolyte
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mineral salt found in blood & tissues
necessary for proper cell funciton K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ |
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receptor
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cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited
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steroid
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complex substance related to fats (derived from sterol, e.g. cholesterol), which is a constituent of many hormones
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target tissue
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cells of an organ affected or stimmed by specific hormones
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aden/o
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gland
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adren/o, adrenal/o
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adrenal gland
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gonad/o
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sex glands (ovaries & testes)
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pancreat/o
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pancreas
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parathyroid/o
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parathyroid gland
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pituitar/o
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pituitary gland (aka hypophysis)
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thyr/o, thyroid/o
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thyroid gland
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-tropin
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to act on, to turn on, stimming the function of
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Hashimoto disease
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autoimmune thyroiditis
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andr/o
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male
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calc/o, calci/o
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calcium
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cortic/o
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cortex, outer region
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crin/o
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secrete
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dips/o
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thirst
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estr/o
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female
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gluc/o
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sugar
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glyc/o
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sugar
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home/o
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sameness
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hormon/o
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hormone
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kal/i
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potassium, K⁺
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hypokalemia
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blood condition of too little potassium
can occur in dehydration |
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lact/o
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milk
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myx/o
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mucus
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myxodema
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mucus-like material accumulates under skin
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natr/o
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sodium, Na⁺
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phys/o
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growing
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somat/o
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body
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ster/o
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solid structure
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toc/o
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childbirth
oxy- rapid toc childbirth -in substance |
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toxic/o
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poison
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ur/o
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urine
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-agon
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assemble, gather together
gluc/o: glucose -agon: assembled |
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-emia
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blood condition
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-in, -ine
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substance
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-uria
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urine condition
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eu-
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good, normal
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hyper-
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excessive, above
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hypo-
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deficient, below, under, less than normal
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oxy-
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rapid, sharp, acid
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pan-
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all
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tetra-
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four
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tri-
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three
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goiter
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enlargement of thyroid gland
endemic where iodine is lacking |
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nodular goiter
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aka adenomatous goiter
hyperplasia as well as nodules & adenomas |
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hyperthyroidism
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overactivity of thyroid gland, thyrotoxicosis
faster metabolism |
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Graves disease
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autoimmune hyperthyroidism
incr HR, higher body temp, hyperactivity, weight loss, increased peristalsis, exophthalmos, proptosis |
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exophthalmos
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aka proptosis
protrusion of eyeballs |
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hypothyroidism
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fatigue, muscular & mental sluggishness, weight gain, fluid retention, slow HR, low body temp, constipation
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myxedema
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advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood
atrophy of thyroid skin becomes dry & puffy d/t collections of mucus-like material under skin |
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cretinism
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extreme hypothyroidism in infancy & childhood
lack of normal physical & mental growth |
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thyroid carcinoma
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thyroid gland cancer
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hyperparathyroidism
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excessive production of parathormone
hypercalcemia may damage kidneys, heart generalized bone loss usually d/t hyperplasia or parathyroid tumor |
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hypoparathyroidism
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deficient production of parathyroid hormone
leads to muscle & nerve weakness, tetany |
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tetany
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constant muscle contraction
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adrenal virilism
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excessive secretion of adrenal androgens
d/t adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal adenomas or carcinomas amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, deepening of voice |
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Cushing syndrome
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group of signs & symptoms produced by excess cortisol from adrenal cortex
obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, osteoporosis, virilization, hypertension d/t excess ACTH secr or adrenal cortex tumor |
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Addison disease
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hypofunction of adrenal cortex
malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, severe loss of fluids & electrolytes, hypoglycemia, low BP, hyperpigmentation of scars, nipples, skin folds d/t autoimmune adrenalitis |
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pheochromocytoma
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benign tumor of adrenal medulla
tumor stains dark/dusky tumor cells produce excess secr of catecholamines HTN, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of face, muscle spasms |
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phe/o
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dark, dusky
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hyperinsulinism
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excess secr of insulin causing hypoglycemia
d/t pancreatic tumor, insulin overdose fainting spells, convulsions, syncope |
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DM
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diabetes mellitus
lack of insulin secretion or resistance to insulin in promoting metabolism of sugar, starch & fats in cells |
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DM Type 1
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autoimmune
autoantibodies against normal Islet of Langerhans cells primary complication: Hyperglycemia leading to ketoacidosis abrupt, rapid onset, usually <30 y/o |
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glucometer
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device to measure blood glucose levels
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DM Type 2
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characterized by insulin resistance
older patients, commonly obese |
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metabolic syndrome
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central abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, high BP
often associated w/ DM Type 2 |
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ketoacidosis
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abnormal condition of accumulation of ketones & acids in body
d/t improper fat burning |
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insulin shock
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severe hypoglycemia d/t insulin overdose, decr food intake, excessive exercise
sweating, hunger, confusion, termbling, nervousness, numbness |
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diabetic retinopathy
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visual loss & blindness d/t diabetes
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diabetic nephropathy
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destruction of kidneys d/t diabetes
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diabetic neuropathy
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neuropathy (pain or sensation loss) d/t diabetes
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acromegaly
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hypersecretion of GH from adenohypophysis after puberty
leads to enlargement of extremities |
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gigantism
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hypersecretion of GH from adenohypophysis before puberty
leads to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues |
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dwarfism
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aka hypopituitary dwarfism
congenital hyposecretion of GH |
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panhypopituitarism
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deficiency of all pituitary hormones
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SIADH
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Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH
excessive secr of ADH leads to excess water retention |
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DI
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diabetes insipidus
insufficient secr of ADH (vasopressin) kidney tubules fail to reabsorb needed water & salts |
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FPG
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fasting plasma glucose
fasting blood sugar test measures circulating glucose in patient who has fasted 8 hrs |
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glucose tolerance test
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diagnose pre-diabetes, gestational diabetes
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HbA_1c
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glycosylated hemoglobin test aka A1c
measures glucose control over 3 months |
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thyroid function tests
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measures T₃, T₄, TSH in bloodstream
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exophthalmometry
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measures eyeball protrusion (Graves disease) with exophthalmometer
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CT scan
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x-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section & other views to assess size & infiltration by tumor
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MRI
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images of hypothalamus & pituitary gland
locates abnormalities |
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RAIU scan
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radioactive iodine uptake scan
scanner detects radioactivity & visualizes thyroid gland after IV administration of radioactive (technetium) compound |
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ultrasound exam
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sound waves show images of endocrine organs
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BGM
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blood glucose monitoring
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BMR
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basal metabolic rate
indicator of thyroid fx, not in current use |
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Ca⁺⁺
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calcium electrolyte
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CGMS
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continuous glucose monitoring system
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DKA
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diabetes ketoacidosis
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FBG
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fasting blood glucose
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FBS
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fasting blood sugar
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GTT
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glucose tolerance test
measures ability to respond to glucose load tests for diabetes |
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HCG or hCG
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human chorionic gonadotropin
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ICSH
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interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
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IDDM
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insulin-dependent DM
Type 1 diabetes |
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IGF
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insulin-like growth factor
aka somatomedin produced in liver, stims bone growth |
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LADA
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latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
Type 1.5, diagnosed in those > 30 y/o |
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MDI
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multiple daily injection
aka basal/bolus diabetes management regimen |
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MEN
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multiple endocrine neoplasia
hereditary hormonal disorder marked by adenomas & carcinomas |
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NIDDM
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non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Type 2 diabetes |
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17-OH
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17-hydroxycorticosteroids
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RAI
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radioactive iodine
Graves disease treatment |
