Phs1_2 Chemistry Final

Front 1

define
REACTION RATE

Back 1

determines the speed of a chemical reaction

Front 2

define
ENERGY OF ACTIVATION

Back 2

E sub(a) - energy required for the inital bond breaking

Front 3

define
EXOTHERMIC REACTION

Back 3

net release of energy (hot)

Front 4

define
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

Back 4

net absorption (cold)

Front 5

define
BOND ENERGY

Back 5

either absorbed as a bond breaks, or released as a bond forms - energy

Front 6

formula:
energy of a reaction

Back 6

Esub(rxn [kJ/mol]) = Esub(formation/products [molxE kJ]) - Esub(breaking/reactants [molxE kJ + molxE kJ])

Front 7

formula:
molar mass

Back 7

m [g] = n [mol] x M [g/mol]

Front 8

formula:
concentration
percent weight (volume concentration)

Back 8

concentration [%] = (volume or mass of solute) / (volume or mass of solution) x (100% solution) = % solute

Front 9

formula:
concentration
Molarity (mass)

Back 9

C concentration of solution [g/L] = m [g] / V [L]

Front 10

formula:
concentration
Molarity (mol)

Back 10

C concentration of solution [mol/L or M] = n [mol] / V [L]

Front 11

formula:
# of neutrons in a nucleus

Back 11

# of neutrons = mass number - atomic number = (# protons + # neutrons) - (# protons)

Front 12

rule:
atoms are neutral, therefore..

Back 12

#protons = #electrons

Front 13

rule:
properties of elements

Back 13

size decreases from left to right and from bottom to top

Front 14

rule:
electronegativity

Back 14

en increases from left to right and from bottom to top
(F en = 4)

Front 15

define:
metals

Back 15

most of the elements in the table
shiny, opaque, good electrical & heat conductors, can change form, can bend without breaking

Front 16

define:
nonmetals

Back 16

poor conductors, nonmalleable, nonductile

Front 17

define:
metalloids

Back 17

semi-conductors, weak electrical conductors

Front 18

groups/categories:
halogens/halides

Back 18

F, Cl, Br, I
group 17

Front 19

groups/categories:
noble gases

Back 19

He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe

Front 20

groups/categories:
transition metals

Back 20

groups 3 to 12

Front 21

groups/categories:
alkali metals

Back 21

group 1

Front 22

groups/categories:
non-alkali metals

Back 22

group 2

Front 23

formula:
quantum concept

Back 23

E [J] = h [Js] x f [Hz or 1/s]

Front 24

define:
Planck's constant

Back 24

h = 6.63 x 10^-34 Js

Front 25

define:
electron volt

Back 25

eV = 1.6 x 10^-19 J

Front 26

formula:
energy of excited states/orbits

Back 26

Esub(n) = Esub(1) / n^2
Esub(1) depends on the atom - will be energy level of orbit #1
Esub(n) depends on the level/orbit/shell

Front 27

define:
quantum numbers

Back 27

1. n - main energy level
2. energy sublevel - s,p,d,f
3. orientation
s - 1 orientation
p - 3 orientations
d - 5 orientations
f - 7 orientations
4. direction of spin

Front 28

rule:
naming compounds

Back 28

1. name of element further to the left is followed by the name of the element further to the right, with the suffix "-ide" added to the name of the latter
2. when 2 or more compounds have different numbers of the same elements, prefixes are added to remove the ambiguity

Front 29

rule:
valence electrons must be..

Back 29

..in s & p orbitals

Front 30

rule:
determining the type of ion an atom needs to form

Back 30

1+ 2+ 3+ 4- 3- 2- 1- 0

Front 31

define:
ionic bonds

Back 31

electron transfer

Front 32

define:
covalent bonds

Back 32

electron sharing

Front 33

rule/definition:
electronegativity & types of bonds

Back 33

EN = type of bond
0-.5 = covalent
.5-1.8 = polar covalent
1.8 < = ionic

Front 34

define:
particles in nuclear equations

Back 34

particle (mass,charge)symbol
proton 1,1H or 1,1p
electron 0,-1e or 1,1B
neutron 1,0n
gamma photon 0,0y

Front 35

rule:
distance at or below nuclear force is significant

Back 35

10^-15m

Front 36

acids
-accept?
-donate?

Back 36

-donate

Front 37

bases
-accept?
-donate?

Back 37

-accept

Front 38

formula:
pH constant

Back 38

K = [Hsub(3)O^+] x [OH^-] = 1 x 10^-14 M

Front 39

rule:
acidic solution

Back 39

H3O+ > OH-

Front 40

rule:
basic solution

Back 40

H3O+ < OH-

Front 41

formula:
pH

Back 41

pH = -log[H3O+]
10^[H3O+]