Phrd 305: Biochemistry Exam1

Front 1

What are nucleic acids made from?

Back 1

Several nucleotides

Front 2

What are Ribosomal RNAs?

Back 2

Components of ribosomes, in which are complexes that carry out the synthesis of proteins.

Front 3

What are Transfer RNAs?

Back 3

Translate the information in mRNA into a specific sequences of amino acids.

Front 4

What are Messenger RNAs?

Back 4

Carry genetic information from one or a few gene to a ribosome, where it can synthesized.

Front 5

What are 3 characteristic components of a NUCLEOTIDES?

Back 5

1. Nitrogenous Base
2. Sugar - Pentose
3. Phosphate Group

Front 6

If a nucleotide removes the phosphate group, what is it consider then?

Back 6

Nucleoside

Front 7

What are two types of NITROGENOUS BASES?

Back 7

1. Pyimidine
2. Purine

Front 8

Identify the 2 Purines in RNA?

Back 8

Adenine
Guanine

Front 9

Identify the 2 Purines in DNA?

Back 9

Adenine
Guanine

Front 10

Identify the 2 Pyrimidines in RNA?

Back 10

Cytosine
Uracil

Front 11

Define PHOSPHODIESTER LINKAGE ?

Back 11

Phosphodiester linkage can be illustrated as having the 5’ phosphate group of one nucleotide unit join to the 3’ hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide

Front 12

True or False and why: The backbone of both DNA and RNA are HYDROPHILIC?

Back 12

True because the hydroxyl groups of the sugar residues form hydrogen bonds with water while the phosphate group is completely ionized.

Front 13

True or False: Both DNA and RNA has a linear nucleic acid strands, however ONLY DNA are characterized as having a distinct 5’ to 3’?

Back 13

False; Both DNA and RNA have a distinct 5’ to 3’ strand

Front 14

Structurally, what allows RNA to hydrolyzed more rapidly then DNA?

Back 14

Because RNA containa 2’ hydroxyl group where as DNA is absent of one.

Front 15

What are the differences between OLIGONUCLEOTIDE and POLYNUCLEOTIDE?

Back 15

OLIGO: A short nucleic acid (50 or fewer)

POLY: A longer nucleic acids

Front 16

Define PHOSPHODIESTER LINKAGE ?

Back 16

Phosphodiester linkage can be illustrated as having the 5’ phosphate group of one nucleotide unit join to the 3’ hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide

Front 17

True or False and why: The backbone of both DNA and RNA are HYDROPHILIC?

Back 17

True because the hydroxyl groups of the sugar residues form hydrogen bonds with water while the phosphate group is completely ionized.

Front 18

True or False: Both DNA and RNA has a linear nucleic acid strands, however ONLY DNA are characterized as having a distinct 5’ to 3’?

Back 18

False; Both DNA and RNA have a distinct 5’ to 3’ strand

Front 19

Structurally, what allows RNA to hydrolyzed more rapidly then DNA?

Back 19

Because RNA containa 2’ hydroxyl group where as DNA is absent of one.

Front 20

What are the differences between OLIGONUCLEOTIDE and POLYNUCLEOTIDE?

Back 20

OLIGO: A short nucleic acid (50 or fewer)

POLY: A longer nucleic acids

Front 21

True or False: Are pyrimidines and purines weak compounds?

Back 21

True, that’s why they are bases.

Front 22

True or False: Both purines and pyrimidine bases are HYDROPHILIC?

Back 22

True

Front 23

Why is base stacking so important as a structural component of RNA or DNA?

Back 23

Minimize contact of the bases with water

Stabilizes the 3D structure of nuclei acid

Front 24

True or False: Are pyrimidines and purines weak compounds?

Back 24

True, that’s why they are bases.

Front 25

What kind of bonds are found between the interaction of one purine to pyrimidines?

Back 25

Hydrogen bonding

Front 26

True or False: Both purines and pyrimidine bases are HYDROPHILIC?

Back 26

True

Front 27

Between A, G, C, T (or U) bases, which ones are based pair?

Back 27

A T (U)

C G

Front 28

Why is base stacking so important as a structural component of RNA or DNA?

Back 28

Minimize contact of the bases with water

Stabilizes the 3D structure of nuclei acid

Front 29

What are 2 types of NUCLEIC ACIDS?

Back 29

RNA
DNA

Front 30

What kind of bonds are found between the interaction of one purine to pyrimidines?

Back 30

Hydrogen bonding

Front 31

Base on the structure of RNA and DNA, which constituients are located inside the double helix and which ones are located outside?

Back 31

Deoxyribose and phosphate are located outside of the double helix, facing the water.

The bases are stack inside the double helix

Front 32

Bases G and C are form with how many hydrogen bonds?

Back 32

Triple

Front 33

Between A, G, C, T (or U) bases, which ones are based pair?

Back 33

A T (U)

C G

Front 34

Bases A and T are form with how many hydrogen bonds?

Back 34

Double

Front 35

What are 2 types of NUCLEIC ACIDS?

Back 35

RNA
DNA

Front 36

Does DNA run parallel or antiparallel?

Back 36

Antiparallel

Front 37

Base on the structure of RNA and DNA, which constituients are located inside the double helix and which ones are located outside?

Back 37

Deoxyribose and phosphate are located outside of the double helix, facing the water.

The bases are stack inside the double helix

Front 38

Bases G and C are form with how many hydrogen bonds?

Back 38

Triple

Front 39

Bases A and T are form with how many hydrogen bonds?

Back 39

Double

Front 40

Does DNA run parallel or antiparallel?

Back 40

Antiparallel

Front 41

Between B, A, and Z form of DNA, which one is a more stable structure?

Back 41

B form

Front 42

Define Gene?

Back 42

Gene is all the DNA that encodes the primary sequence of some final gene product

Front 43

What roles does regulatory sequences play?

Back 43

Provide signals that may denote the beginning or the end of genes

Influences the transcription of genes

Function as initiation point for replication or recombination

Front 44

Each amino acid of a polypeptide chain is coded for by a sequence of ________consecutive nucleotides in a single strand of DNA?

Back 44

Three

Front 45

What is the term for a distinct alternative form of a characteristic?

Back 45

Trait

Front 46

Define ALLELE?

Back 46

The variant (wild type) forms of a gene at a particular location on a chromosome

Front 47

Define the terms DOMINANT and RECESSIVE?

Back 47

Dominant is any gene form which expresses itself in the presence of its allele in the heterozygote.

Recessive is an allele whose phenotype effect is not expressed in a heterozygote

Front 48

Define GENOTYPE?

Define PHENOTYPE?

Back 48

Genotype is the genetic constitution of a cell or of an individual

Phenotype is any detectable feature of living organism

Front 49

Define AUTOSOME?

Back 49

Autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Front 50

What is the difference between AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT and AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE?

Back 50

Autosomal dominant means you only need to get the abnormal gene from one parent in order for you to inherit the disease

Autosomal recessive means two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop

Front 51

What is the difference between SEX LINKED DOMINANT and SEX LINKED RECESSIVE?

Back 51

Sex linked dominant occurs when an abnormal gene from one parent is able to cause disease even though the matching gene from the other parent is normal.

Sex linked recessive occurs when both matching genes must be abnormal to produce disease

Front 52

Define Genetics?

Back 52

The branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms

Front 53

If the chromosome arm is designated as p, what does that mean?

Back 53

Short Arm

Front 54

If the chromosome arm is designated as q, what does that mean?

Back 54

Long Arm

Front 55

What is the purpose of International System for Cytogenetic Nomenclature?

Back 55

A set of conventions that is used to number chromosomes

Front 56

By convention, which arm of the chromosome is always shown at the top in a karyotype?

Back 56

P arm

Front 57

If given an example like 17q21.1, what does the 17 means? q means? and 21.1 means?

Back 57

17: refers to the chromosome

q: long arm

21.1: position on the chromosomes

Front 58

Define GENE?

Back 58

A gene is a basic unit of the heredity passed from parent to offspring. Most gene contain the information for making a specific protein or coding for a non translated RNA

Front 59

Give some example of AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE?

Back 59

Phenylketonura
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell anemia
Oculocutaneous albinism

Front 60

Give an example of AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT?

Back 60

Huntington's disease

Front 61

What does pedigree analysis allow?

Back 61

Enables the determination of mode of inheritance.

Front 62

If a disease is consider MONOGENIC, can other gene affect the severity of the disease to varying extents? Yes or No

Back 62

Yes, the gene that affect the severity of the disease to varying extent is called modifier genes

Front 63

True or False: Genes act in isolation?

Back 63

False: genes do not act in isolation

Front 64

Even though cystic fibrosis is considered to be monogenic, other genes can affect the severity of the disease to varying extents, what is the term?

Back 64

Modifier genes

Front 65

What is the difference PENETRANCE and VARIABLE EXPRESSIVITY?

Back 65

Penetrance is the probability that a person carry a disease associated genotype will develop the disease within a given time period.

Variable expressivity: two individuals may have the same mutation but two different results

Front 66

Which organism does not have histones, but does have NUCLEOID that will compack its DNA?

Back 66

E.coli

Front 67

Define PROKARYOTES?

Back 67

Prokaryotes are organism of the Kingdom Monera comprises the bacteria and cyanobacteria.

Front 68

What is one characteristic of prokaryotes that differentiate it from eukaryotes?

Back 68

Characterized by the absence of a distinct, membrane bound nucleus or membrane bound organelles and the circular DNA is not organized into chromosomes.

Front 69

Size of atoms?

Back 69

10^-10 meters

Front 70

Size of small molecules?

Back 70

10^-10 meters - 10^-9 meters

Front 71

Size of proteins?

Back 71

10^-9 meters to 10^-8 meters

Front 72

Size of Viruses?

Back 72

10^-8 meters to 10^-6 meters

Front 73

Size of Prokaryotes?

Back 73

10^-7 meters to 10^-4 meters

Front 74

Size of Eukaryotes?

Back 74

10^-5 meters to 10^-3 meters

Front 75

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes in relation to introns and operons?

Back 75

Prokaryotic genes lack introns
Eukaryotic gene HAVE introns

Some prokaryotics genes are clustered tightly together into an operon, where as most eukaryotic gene are not

Front 76

Define INTRONS?

Back 76

A segment of a gene situated between exons that does not function in coding for protein synthesis.

Front 77

What does ALTERNATIVE SPLICING ALLOWS?

Back 77

Different protein to form one gene

Front 78

True or False: Individual who are aging, smoke cigarettes, or have bladder cancer tend to have SHORTEN TELOMERES?

Back 78

True, a study conducted by McGrath et al at the school of harvard public health

Front 79

True or False: Mitochrondria are only found in muscle cells?

Back 79

False, mitochrondria are found in all nucleated cells.

Front 80

The generator of cellular ATP is?

Back 80

Mitochonria

Front 81

Mitochondria are the only location of ____ ___________ _____ within the cell?

Back 81

Extra chromosomal DNA

Front 82

What were the goals of the Human Genome Project?

Back 82

Identify all the gene in human DNA and its sequences

Front 83

What is the difference between PHARMACOGENETICS and PHARMACOGENOMICS?

Back 83

Pharmacogenetics evaluates how an individual's genetic makeup corresponds to their response to a particular medication.

Pharmacogenomics combines pharmacogenetics with genomic studies. Use large group of patients to evaluate how candidate drug interacts with a range of genes and their protein products

Front 84

What does PHARMACOGENOMICS have the capability to do?

Back 84

Potential to optimize drug therapy by minimizing toxicity and maximize drug effficacy

Personalized medicine using novel technologies

Optimize drug development

Front 85

What is the difference between PHARMACOKINETICS and PHARMACODYNAMICS?

Back 85

Pharmacokinetics is the process by which a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body.

Pharmacodynamics: is the study of the action or effects of drugs on living organisms

Front 86

What is a POLYMORPHISM?

Back 86

A polymorphism is defined as a variation in DNA sequence.

Front 87

If the DNA variation is less than 1% of the population, this is know has what?

Back 87

Mutation

Front 88

If the DNA variation is more than 1% of the population, this is know has what?

Back 88

Genetic polymorphism

Front 89

How many types of POLYMORPHISM are there? Describe?

Back 89

1. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP/snip): a single base substitution within the genome

2. Includes more than one nucleotide change or an entire gene insertion or deletions, or extra copies of a gene

Front 90

If given the SNP nomenclature of VKORC1 1173 C > T, what does each letters or numbers indicate?

Back 90

VKORC1 : gene

1173: nucleotide location on gene

C : cytosine, the original nucleotide

T : the nucleotide that has change to thymine

Front 91

If given the ALLELE "STARE" NOMENCLATURE of CYP2C19 *1(CYP2C19 681 G>A), what does each letter or number indicate?

Back 91

CYP2C19: gene

*1: designate allele type

( ): describes the same allele type

Front 92

What purpose does the ALLELE "STAR" NOMENCLATURE served?

Back 92

Determine the allele type, one can determine its function

Front 93

True or False: The key point to the allele "star" nomenclature can look exactly the same but have different functional effect based on the specific protein?

Back 93

True

Front 94

Another way to name is called the "rs" naming system, what is it?

Back 94

SNP database for all genetic variation information

Front 95

Another way to describe SNP is by _____ _____.

Back 95

Genotype Nomenclature

Front 96

For an individual with CYP2CIP*1/*1, what kind of enzyme activity would be expected for Genotype nomenclature?

Back 96

Normal

Front 97

For an individual with CYP2CIP*1/*3, what kind of enzyme activity would be expected for Genotype nomenclature

Back 97

Reduced enzymes

Front 98

For an individual with CYP2CIP*2/*2, what kind of enzyme activity would be expected for Genotype nomenclature

Back 98

No enzymes

Front 99

What is HAPLOTYPE?

Back 99

Haplotype is a set of alleles at multiple loci or areas of a gene that co-exist on the same chromosomes

Front 100

What are 3 types of polymorphisms?

Back 100

Synonymous SNP

Non synonymous SNP

Premature stop codon SNP

Front 101

Describe Synonymous coding SNP?

Back 101

A nucleotide change can occur (c-->t) but the resulting amino acids remain the unchanged (lle)

Front 102

Describe NON SYNONYMOUS SNP?

Back 102

A nucleotide change occur resulting in an amino acid change.

Front 103

Describe PREMATURE STOP CODON?

Back 103

A nucleotide change occur, in which the reference amino acid is no longer coded and the results in termination of protein synthesis

Front 104

Draw the structure of PURINE?

Back 104

Front 105

Draw the structure of PYRIMIDINE?

Back 105

Front 106

Draw the structure of a NUCLEOTIDE?

Back 106

Front 107

Draw a phosphodiester linkage?

Back 107

Front 108

Draw the structure of DNA and RNA that allows RNA to hydrolyzed rapidly under alkaline conditions?

Back 108

RNA is able to hydrolyzed rapidly under alkaline conditions is because the 2' hydroxyl group is directly involved in the process, whereas DNA lacks a 2' hydroxyl group

Front 109

What purpose does REGULATORY SEQUENCES served?

Back 109

Provide signals that may denote the beginning or the end of genes

Influences the transcription of genes

Function as initiation points for replication or recombination

Front 110

What kind of structural DNA does E.coli have?

Back 110

Circular DNA

Front 111

Estimate how may base pairs does E.coli have?

Back 111

4,700,000 BASE PAIRS for about 4,300 GENES

Front 112

What are PLASMIDS?

Back 112

Extrachromosmal elements (small circular DNA molecules that are free in the cytosol)

Front 113

What is the sole function of PLASMIDS?

Back 113

Self propagation