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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does photosynthesis happen? |
Mainly the leaf in specific chloroplast is cellular organelle. |
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How is a leaf adapted for photosynthesis? |
1. Large sa to maximise the sunlight taken in. 2. They leaves lay in a way that minimises overlap so minimum shade to allow maximum sunlight. 3. Thin for short diffusion path. 4. Transparent cuticle and epidermis to allow light to reach mesophyll. 5. Lots of chloroplast. 6. Lots of stomata for a short diffusion path. 7. Lots of airspace in lower epidermis to allow rapid gas diffusion. 8. Network of phloem. |
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3 Stages of photosynthesis and the formula |
Formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2 stage 1: capturing light using chloroplast pigment. stage 2: Light dependent reaction stage 3: Light independent reaction |
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Oxidation/reduction |
Oxidation : The gain of of oxygen or loss of hydrogen (Looses electrons when gains oxygen). Reduction: The loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen so gains electrons. |
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Light dependent reaction |
1: Chlorophyll absorbs light energy which boost the energy of a pair of electrons in the chlorophyll raising them to a higher energy level. 2: These electrons have so much energy they leave the chlorophyll so the chlorophyll becomes ionised in photoionisation. 3: Electron carriers take up the electrons and then they are passed along electron carriers in a series of oxidation and reduction reactions. This forms a transfer chain in thylakoid membrane. 4: Each new carrier is at a slightly lower energy level. This energy is sued to combine a phosphate to ADP to form Atp. |
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Method by which Atp is made. |
Chemiosmotic theory 1: Proton pump pumps protons from storm via protein carriers into thylakoids which is an enclosed chamber. 2: Energy comes from electrons released from water being split by light (photolysis) 3: H+ ions also increase concentration thylakoid space. 4: This creates a proton gradient with a high concentration in thylakoid and low in stroma. 5: The H+ only moves via Atp synthase channel which creates granolas on the surface. 6: As the protons pass the channel the protons change enzyme shape to allow Pi to join ADP to form Atp. |
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Photolysis of water |
- When light removes electrons from chlorophyll means there is an electron shortage so they must be replaced. 2H2O = 4H+ + 4e- + O2 1: Protons pass out thylakoid via Atp synthase channel and are taken up by NADP electron carriers, The NADP is reduced which is the main product of light dependent stage. |
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What is the main location of light dependent reactio? |
Thylakoid which is disc like structure stacked up forming grana. |
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How are chloroplast adapted for Light dependent reaction? |
1: Thylakoid membrane have a large surface area for chloroplyll, electron carrier and enzyme attachement. 2: Network of proteins in grand hold shape of chlorophyll for max light. 3: Granal membrane has Atp synthase channel which catalyses Atp production. Swell as selectively permeable membrane to keep protein gradient. 4: Chloroplast contain dna and ribosome to make proteins for reaction fast. |
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The Calvin cycle |
(light independent reaction) 1: CO2 diffuses into the leaf via stoma and dissolves in water around wall of mesophyll cell. Then this diffuses into the stroma of chloroplast via cell membrane, cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane. 2: In stroma CO2 reacts with 5 carbon compound RuBP which is catalysed by rubisco. 3: CO2 + RuBP = 2x GP 4: Reduced NADP fromlight dependent reaction reduces GP to TP using ATP. 5: Reduced NADP reformed and goes back to light dependent reaction to be reduced again. 6: Some TP turned into organic molecules. 7: Most TP regenerated into GP using ATP. 5: |
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What is the sight of light-independent reaction? |
Stroma |
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How is stroma adapted to the light-independent reaction? |
- Fluid of stroma filled with enzymes needed. - Stromal fluid is membrane bound in chloroplast which means high concentration of enzyme and substrate can be maintained. - Stroma fluid surrounds the grana so products of light dependent reaction rapidly diffuse. - Contain dna and ribosome so can wuicly produce protein. |
