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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thermodynamics |
a branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables, such as internal energy, entropy, and pressure, that partly describe a body of matter or radiation.
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Metabolism |
the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
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Photosynthesis |
a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities.
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Cellular Respiration |
the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell. The process occurs in two phases: glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.
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Thylakoid |
a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen.
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Granum |
the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast.
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ATP |
A nucleotide, C10H16N5O13P3, that is composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups and releases energy when hydrolyzed to ADP. It is present in all cells, where it is used to store and transport energy needed for biochemical reactions.
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Stroma |
the matrix of a chloroplast, containing various molecules and ions.
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NADP+ |
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate: a coenzyme, C 2 1 H 2 8 N 7 O 1 7 P 3 , similar in function to NAD in many oxidation-reduction reactions.
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Calvin Cycle |
the set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The cycle is light-independent because it takes place after the energy has been captured from sunlight.
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Rubisco |
an enzyme present in plant chloroplasts, involved in fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and in oxygenation of the resulting compound during photorespiration.
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Anaerobic process |
a type of respiration that does not use oxygen. It is used when there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration.
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Glycolysis |
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
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Krebs Cycle |
the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.
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Fermentation |
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
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