Photosynthesis And Respiration

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Photosynthesis

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The complex process by which carbon dioxide, water, and certain inorganic salts are converted into carbohydrates by green plants, algae, and certain bacteria, using energy from the sun and chlorophyll.

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Cellular Respiration

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The oxidation of organic compounds that occurs within cells, producing energy for cellular processes.

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Pigment

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Any substance whose presence in the tissues or cells of animals or plants color them.

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Chlorophyll

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The green coloring matter of leaves and plants, essential to the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis.

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Carotenoid

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Any of a class of yellow to red pigments found especially in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. The carotenoids absorb light energy of certain frequencies and tranfer it to chlorophyll for use in photosynthesis.

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Carbon Dioxide Fixation

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The process by which carbon from the atmosphere is converted into carbon compounds, such as carbohydrates, in plants and algae, usually by photosynthesis.

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Calvin Cycle

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A series of chemical reactions that occur as part of photosynthesis, in which carbon is broken away from gaseous carbon dioxide and fixed as organic carbon in compounds that are ultimately converted into sugars.

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Aerobic

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Living or occurring only in the presence of free oxygen.

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Anaerobic

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Living or occurring in the absence of free oxygen.

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Glycolysis

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A metabolic process that occurs in nearly all living cells in which glucose is converted in a series of steps to pyruvic acid and during which energy is released in the form of ATP.

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Fermentation

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Any group of chemical reactions induced by microorganisms or enzymes that split complex organic compounds into relatively simple substances, especially the anaerobic conversion of sugar to

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Stroma

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The colorless semiliquid material inside a chloroplast, in which the thylakoid membranes are embedded and whee the dark reactions of photosynthesis occur.

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ATP

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Adenosine triphosphate - an adenosine-derived nucleotide that supplies large amounts of energy to cells for various biochemical processes, including muscle contraction and sugar metabolism, through its hydrolysis to ADP.

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ADP

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Adenosine diphosphate - An organic compound that is composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups.