Photosynthesis

Front 1

What is Photosynthesis?

Back 1

Plants convert the energy of sunlight in the presence of carbon dioxide and water to produce food (glucose) and oxygen.

Front 2

Photosynthesis Formula?

Back 2

6CO2 + 6h20 > C6H12C6 + 6O2

Front 3

Autotrophic?

Back 3

they make their food (glucose) by the process of photosynthesis.

Front 4

Heterotrophs?

Back 4

organisms that must obtain their food for energy such as animals.

Front 5

Photosynthesis CANNOT...

Back 5

occur until light is absorbed into the pigment, chlorophyll.

Front 6

Pigments: Chlorophyll?

Back 6

green. because these are colored structures that absorb or reflect diff. wavelengths of light. plants are green because red and blue wavelengths are absorbed and green are reflected.

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For plants to make their food (glucose)..

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energy is needed in the form of light-which is trapped.

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How is energy trapped? (first way)

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1st: 2 high energy electrons are passed directly to an electron carrier molecule that accepts the electrons and later transfers to other components. NADP+ +2e- >> NADPH. sunlight energy is trapped and changed to a chemical form of energy.

Front 9

How is energy trapped? (second way)

Back 9

Development of energy molecule ATP. AMP + P= ADP. Adenosine Monophosphate + Phosophate > Adenosine Phosophate.

Front 10

ADP + P= ?

Back 10

ATP

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Absorption?

Back 11

stuck inside.

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Trapped?

Back 12

still moving, but trapped.

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Refelected?

Back 13

bounces off.

Front 14

Light reaction?

Back 14

utilizes sunlight to make energy by storing energy molecules NADPH and ATP.

Front 15

Dark reaction?

Back 15

uses ATP and NADPH (stored) to make glucose. [doesn't require light, but does occur in light]

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Light reactions take place..

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in the thylakoid membranes in chlorophyll pigments.

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Dark reactions take place..

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outside the thylakoid membranes.

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4 Steps in the Light Reaction:

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1) Light Absorption. 2) Electron Transport. 3) Oxygen Production. 4) ATP Formation.

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Photosynthetic processes occur..

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as light is absorbed into the thylakoid membrane of chlorophyll. These clusters of pigment contain tiny disc called, GRANA.

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PHOTOSYSTEM I & PHOTOSYSTEM II..(2 reasons)

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1)each contain chlorophyll molecules and pigments. 2) after light is absorbed by a pigment molecule in a photosystem to another until it reaches a reaction center and reacts with chlorophyll molecules.

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PHOTOSYSTEM I & PHOTOSYSTEM II..(3 and 4 reasons)

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3) in the reaction center, hight energy electrons are released and are passed on by electron carrier molecules. Special chlorophyll molecules process the absorbed light. 4) Upon release from the center, high energy electrons are transferred along a series of carriers. ELECTRON TRANSPORT.

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PHOTOSYSTEM I & PHOTOSYSTEM II..(5 and 6 reasons)

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5) high energy electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. 6) at the end of the chain, high energy electrons are passed to an electron carrier, NADP+ and converting it to NADPH (used in dark reaction)

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Oxygen production..? (reason 1)

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1) as light continues to enter chlorophyll, the photosynthetic membrane contains a system that provides new electrons to chlorophyll to replace those that wound up in NADPH.

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Oxygen production..? (reason 2)

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2) These electrons are taken from water, leaving 4 hydrogen atons H 2 and 2 oxygen atoms (O). The 2 oxygen atoms combine to produce 02 that leaves the chlorophyll and released into the air.

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ATP Formation?..(reason 1)

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1) Hydrogen ions left behind when water "splits" are released inside the photosynthetic membrane. Additional electrons are passed from chlorophyll to NADP+ while more hydrogen ions are pumped across membranes.

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ATP Formation?..(reason 2)

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2) The inside of the chlorophyll membrane fills up with (+) charged H ions. The outside of the membrane becomes (-) charged and the inside (+) charged.

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ATP Formation?..(reason 3)

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3) The difference in charges across the membrane is a source of energy. An enzyme in the photosynthetic membrane makes use of this energy to attatch a phosophate molecule to ADP to make ATP. this is the 2nd way in which energy of sunlight is trapped in chemical form.

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Dark reactions take place..

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in sunlight, but light doesn't play a role in the dark reactions.

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If ATP and NADPH are supplied..?

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the dark reactions can be carried out in total darkness without being exposed to the light.

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in dark reactions, carbon dioxide..?

Back 30

is used to make glucose (food for the plant).

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Dark reactions form..?

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cycles of a circular series of reactions-- sometimes aclled the Calvin Reaction named for Melvin Calvin, who discovered these cycles.

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Steps in the Dark or Calvin Reactions: (1)

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1) a 5 Carbon sugar combines with Carbon Dioxide to form a 3 Carbon sugar.

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Steps in the Dark or Calvin Reactions: (2)

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2) an enzyme (catalyst) - RUBISCO- speeds up this reaction.

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Steps in the Dark or Calvin Reactions: (3)

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3) Using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions, the 3 Carbon sugar is converted to PGAL.

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Steps in the Dark or Calvin Reactions: (4)

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4) Most PGAL molecules are recycled for dark reactions, but one out of every 6 is used to make glucose or other end products.

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Steps in the Dark or Calvin Reactions: (5)

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5) During the dark reactions other compounds are produced called "intermediates". These intermediates may be used to form sugars other than glucose; some of them may be used to make amino acids or converted to lipids.

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Steps in the Light Reactions:

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1) occur only during daylight/light. 2) light is absorbed and trapped. 3) occurs in (thylakoid membrane) 4) has photosystem I and II. 5) makes: NADPH, 02, AND ATP.