Photosynthesis

Front 1

Autotroph

Back 1

Derives energy from abiotic surroundings

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Heterotrophy

Back 2

Derives energy from consuming other biotic organisms

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Light reactions

Back 3

steps of photosynthesis requiring input of sunlight. Precursor to calvin cycle

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Calvin Cycle

Back 4

requires input of CO2, ATP, and NADPH to make sugars

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chlorophyll

Back 5

pigment in chloroplast that absorbs sunlight

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PEP Carboxylase

Back 6

used in CAM and C4 plants to "fix" carbon before sending to calvin cycle elsewhere

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Electron Transport Chain (plant)

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In plants, part of light reaction cycle from which electrons are passed between photosystems I and II, producing ATP along the way

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ATP Synthase

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Light reactions create a concentration gradient of Hydrogens along the way, which power ATP Synthase

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Spectrophotometer

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Device which measures the transmittability of light through an object

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carotenoids

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family of pigments ranging from orange to yellow

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reaction center

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the area of the cell where energy production takes place

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Photosystem I

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filled with Chlorophyll a p700 because that is the wave length it absorbs light best at

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Photosystem II

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Filled with p680, takes place first in Light reaction order

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photophosphorylation

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The official word for all light reactions

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carbon fixation

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Carbon is "fixed" during Calvin Cycle , how inorganic CO2 is used to make organic compounds

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Wavelength

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Wavelength of light determines whether it is visible, or a certain color

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Chlorophyll a

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found in thylakoids of chloroplasts, absorbs best violet and red light.

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Chlorophyll b

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Another form of Chlorophyll, absorbs different wavelengths of light. More yellow in color

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C3 Plants

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Most plants are c3, flowers are examples. Reference that CO2 is turned into a 3 carbon compound

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C4 Plants

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instead of CO2 become C3, C4 plants store CO2 as a 4 carbon before calvin Cycle

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CAM Plants

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Cactuses or or similar desert plants. Change cycles by time of day. Calvin Cycle in day, Carbon Fixation at night

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Rubisco

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Most abundant protein on planet. Essential in attaching Carbon to RuBp

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Mesophyll Cell

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"middle" leaf cell. Made up of palisade layers and sponge layer

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Bundle-sheath cell

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In C4 plants, Calvin cycle is only performed in these cells. The surrounding cells perform Carbon Fixation

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Distinguish between photoautrophs and chemoautotrophs

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photoautotrophs use sunlight. Chemo- use earth's resources (ex. Hydrothermal vents)

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Summary equation for photosynthesis

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Sun+CO2+H2O -> O2+ C6H12O6

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Importance of Redox reactions

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Cellular respiration and Photosynthesis balance each other (sort of) to maintain life on earth so no substrate is used up or made in excess

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2 main stages of photosynthesis

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Light reactions and Calvin Cycle, one needs the water and the other CO2. Both are necessary for full photosynthesis

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Explain how carotenoids protect the cell from damage by light

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These pigments absorb and dispel wavelengths of light so plant is not damaged by too much light

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Wavelengths of light most effective for photosynthesis

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p680 and p700

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Movements of electrons in noncyclic electron flow

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Start in H20, go through photosystem II, the ETC, Photosystem I, and then into NADPH

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Movements of electrons in cyclic electron flow

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once electrons get to Photosystem I, they are sent back to ETC to continually produce ATP

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Function of cyclic and noncyclic electron flow

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the calvin cycle needs a certain input of NADPH and ATP, so plants must alter between cyclic and noncyclic to attain both

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Role of ATP and NADPH in Calvin Cycle

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ATP provides extra energy, as well as NADPH, but NADPH also provides the Hydrogens needed to build sugars

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What happens to rubisco when oxygen concentration is higher than CO2 concentration

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Rubisco wants to play with O2 more, so calvin Cycle is prevented. Call Photorespiration

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Describe the majore consequences of photorespiration. Why is it an evolutionary relict?

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The plant cell cannot release the O2, so rubisco bond Oxygen to the c5 compound, creating CO2 and NO ATP. When plants first evolved, there was NO O2 in atmosphere, so photorespiration was not a big deal

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2 photosynthetic adaptations that minimize photorespiration.

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C4- one cell takes in CO2, uses PEP Carboxylase to save as a C4 compound, then another cell performs calvin cycle.
CAM- changes time of day of Carbon Fixation vs. rest of Calvin Cycle

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Action Spectrum

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the spectrum of how effective plants are at photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light