Photography Exam 3 (Final)

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Camera Obscura

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"dark room"

Drawing aid by artists

Portable version invented in 16th century

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Joseph Nicephore Niepce

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Invented heliograph
Partnered with Daguerre; first known photograph of rooftops from his window
View from the Window at Gras

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Daguerrotype

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First photographic process publicly announced in 1839

Highly polished silvered copper plate
One of a kind
Popular due to high degree of sharpness

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Calotype

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Invented by Talbot
Greek "beautiful type"
Negative image on paper
Less popular than dag. b/c less sharp but multiple copies
Early days: salted paper process

Some photographers prefer over dag. because more "artistic"

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W.H. Fox Talbot

What works produced?

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Invented Talbotype (later calotype)
Origins of negative/positive process
Tried enforcing patents ;; less use
Six–volume set "The Pencil of Nature"

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D.O. Hill and Robert Adamson

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Used natural light outdoors making striking use of light and shadows

Scottish highlands (hills)

Calotypes in Scotland

Mostly portraits, fisherman and family, scenic views

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Historic Monuments Commission

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French gov't – record all important buildings/monuments in France

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Wet–collodion

What was it made on?
Invented by whom?

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Woodhouse, I want my eggs wet! Glass for the danger zone!

Invented by Archer
Negative on glass
Sharpness of dag, reproducibility of calo

Became primary process

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Autochromes

What was it made on?

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"chrome" = colour = illuminated by Lumiere

Invented by Lumiere Brothers
First color photographic process
One of a kind on glass

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George Eastman

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Invented Kodak box camera

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Leica

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First 35mm camera

Fast shutter speed, film advance, excellent image quality, portability

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Nadar

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"Radar" backwards = light sent out and returned
The artist formerly known as Gaspard Felix Tournachon/Prince

Portrait studio in Paris
Artsy/literary clients
Light was key to photography

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Eugene Disderi

Studio located where?

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Dis / Dix = 10 (in French) = multiple

Invented Carte de Visite, 8 exposures
Fashionable studio in Paris

One result of CdV was further reduction in standards b/c of ease of mass-production

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John Mayall

What level of photography?

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Mayall/Mayonnaise is bland

"Ideality is unattainable and imagination supplanted by the presence of fact."

Critical of photography's perceived ability to only record facts (mechanical photography) and not be of imagination/art

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Edward Steichen

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Jews in New York, gumshoe detective

Flatiron Building
Cityscapes/natural landscapes by gum bichromate

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Garry Winogrand

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Grand = 1000s of rolls of film

Images of daily life unfolding
Criticized for random style and many rolls
Camera doesn't lie or tell the truth; it transforms the world

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Maxime Du Camp

What did he produce?

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Must camp in desert to shoot photos in Egypt

French
Calotype
One of first travel books to contain actual photos

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Picturesque
What did it do for the audience?

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Picturesque ponds vs. Parking lots

Natural scenes that "stirred fine thoughts and feelings in the viewer"

Like a picture
Nature over city

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Alfred Stieglitz

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Photographed NY for over 30 years

Later pictures in sharper focus and depict a city having huge changes, new construction, etc.

Deep shadows broken by patches of light.

Idea of the "equivalent" making cloud sequences as metaphors for an emotional state of mind.

Believed that one image insufficient to portray personality ;; hundreds shot of Georgia O'Keefe

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Ansel Adams

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Grand views of the West.
Invented Zone system, ideas of pre–visualization
A founder of f64 group, focus from front to back

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Minor White

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Gypsy

Used idea of the equivalent to make images both abstract and representational.
Photography a path to mystical experiences/spiritual growth

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William Jenkins

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Leeeeeroy Jenkins = WoW trailblazing the map "New Topographics"

"Man–altered landscape"
Neutral uninflected style inspired by early American landscape photographers

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Robert Adams

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New Topographer

"neutral" style in contrast to his "brother" Ansel Adams
Influenced by early landscape photographers (Timothy O'Sullivan)

Called attention to man's impact on the landscape
Included signs of people in his landscapes

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Laszlo Moholy-Nagy

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Hungarian
Fascinated w/photograms as a pure form of image making
Photography = pivotal medium
First to use “the New Vision”: belief that photo could depict outside world in a unique way different to the way human eye saw.
Instructor at the Bauhaus

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Film and Photo

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International exhibition in Stuttgart, 1929. Believed would play big part in post WWI reconstruction.
Machines caused devastation of war, machines could rebuild. Photography, art made with machine, began to take a more central role in creative activity

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Etienne Jules Marey

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Marey, the spy, spy watch–camera

French physiologist
Inspired by Muybridge;;motion studies that he called Chronophotoraphy
Gun camera

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Marcel Duchamp

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Duchamp da "Descending" Dada Artist

Prominent dada artist
"Nude Descending a Staircase" – probably inspired by photographic motion studies

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Roger Fenton

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Fenton = Fences by grass

British Art photographer, sent to Crimea
"Fenced" off the horrors of war

Implied chaos through The Valley of Death

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Lewis Hine

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Had Hine–sight to see that children need education

Sociologist
Also took pics of building of Empire State Building
Driven by desire to change the "ills" he saw in the world. Pics of child laborers used to change child labor laws.

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The Farm Security Administration

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Run by Roy Stryker who hired photographers to make pics of the rural poor during the Great Depression. Intent to educate gen. pop. and show how gov't was helping

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Edward Curtis

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Indians go to EDC

Photographed Native Americans; documenting what he thought was a vanishing race

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Jacob Riis

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Riieeely likes slums

Took pics of slums and tenements on lower east side of NYC hoping to promote better living conditions

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Robert Capa

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Bust a capa

Combat photographer, "if it's not good enough, you're not close enough" Also photographed D–Day

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Henri Cartier Bresson

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Spirited Frenchman, that special, decisive moment...timing like a Cartier watch

worked as photo–journalist, first used "the decisive moment' to refer to his goal of releasing the shutter at the climactic moment where form and content are equally powerful

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Magnum

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On our terms and with force

Co–op formed by a group of photographers (Capa and Bresson included) with the goals of allowing member photographers to work free of editorial demands and to regain control over the use of their images

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Weegee

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(Arthur Fellig) Daily News
Hard hitting sensational style of photographing fires, murders. 4x5 Speed Graphic camera

Police radio in his car ;; first on scene

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LIFE Mag

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Born out of roaring 20s is real life

first published in the 1930's; featured photo–essays by noted photographers. Very popular until replaced by TV as a primary source of news

Covered WWII, Vietnam War (first media war)

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Jabez Hughs

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Howard Hughes (drastic stages of life)
3 Catagories of Photography:

Mechanical (simple representation of objects),

Art (artists fuses his/her mind into things picturesque)

High Art (aim for higher purpose; instruct, purify, enoble)

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Julia Margaret Cameron

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British portrait photographer who also made many staged allegorical portraits/scenes.

Soft focus, saying she stopped focusing when the image looked beautiful to her

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Henry Peach Robinson

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James and the Giant Peach = reality distorted

Photography's ability to distort the truth made it a viable art form.

Used combination printing, coined the term "Pictorialism"

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Pictorialism

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Photographic movement based on the principles of painting.
Influenced by Impressionism.
Pictures blurry and nostalgic.

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Pictorialists

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Art photographers who in the early 1900's often made soft focus pics in order to create a painterly effect

(Gum bichromate)

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Peter Henry Emerson

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Emerge from the city and into nature

Argued that selective focus (setting lens slightly out of focus)was the road to "naturalistic photography"

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Dada

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Term by artists/performers in Europe during WW1

Driven by disenchantment w/ mainstream societal values and a desire to overthrow established approaches to art. Experimented with non–traditional materials and techniques and reveled in nonsense and the absurd

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Hippolyte Bayard

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Invented direct positive prints on paper process
French gov't rejected his experiments

Early self-portraits

"Self Portrait of the Photographer as a Drowned Man"

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Harry Callahan

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Harry Truman + Eleanor (=/Roosevelt)

Photographed his wife Eleanor in a variety of ways

Experimented with a wide range of photographic techniques

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Emmet Gowin

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Emmet and Edith

Photographed his wife Edith and her family

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Nicholas Nixon

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Nixon's infamous over the years

One image each year of his wife and her sisters, revealing the changes that have taken place over many years.

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Carrie Mae Weems

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Mama Mae's stories of family

Photographs of her family accompanied by written stories, driven by a belief in the importance of recording family history.

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Larry Clark

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Larry "Tulsa"
First–hand with drug users

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Nan Goldin

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Golden age of Sexual Dependency and documenting it

Published “Ballad of Sexual Dependency”, visual diary, camera part of her life

Front 52

Lee Friedlander

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Free to hide/seek and play (visual) games

Self portraits, many playing visual games, hiding, reflections, shadows

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Wendy Ewald

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Ewald the Hill people

Taught photo. to children in Appalachia/world

Appa.'s direct approach of the photographs and children's honesty

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Hanna Wilke

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Wilke wants to "flaunt" her beauty

Self-portraits of her battle with cancer

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Francesca Woodman

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Rhode Island's woodsman

Self-portraits as student at Rhode Island School of Design

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Lucas Samaras

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Alderette's modifications

Highly manipulated Polaroid SX-70 self-portraits

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Guillame Duchenne de Boulogne

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Bologna with cornichon ;; grimace

Worked with Adrien Tournachon on a physiognomy book (to prove facial expressions are mechanically produced.

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Albert Londe

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London's crazies

Multi camera setup patients of epileptic/hysterical fits

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Alphonse Bertillon

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French Police Department

Developed verbal/visual system for identifying criminals

Front 60

Hugh Welch Diamond

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Ladies Surrey-iously go crazy for diamonds

Archived hundreds of portraits of female patients at Surrey Hospital for the Insane

Front 61

Eugene Atget

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Atget = I get up in the morning when no one is around

Critic Walter Benjamin: “In a document beauty is secondary, however one might say that the photograph becomes more than the mirror of nature and enters language.” Benjamin was speaking of the way in which photographs like Atget's could be read and interpreted to learn a great deal, both about life in Paris at the time and Atget's own sensibilities

Front 62

Walker Evans

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Compiled pics of USA through accumulation of details

Fascinated by images of pop culture

Described as "pop artist"

Published American Photographs, 1938

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Robert Frank

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Robbing our Franks of their dignity

Published The Americans

Disenchanted with preceding generation that had entered/fought WWII

Book initially unpopular as perceived to attack the US and his technique broke from current careful view camera aesthetic and fine printing.

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August Sander

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Jil Sander

Antlitz der Zeit, Face of the Times - A collection of portraits in Germany

Labeled according to teach person's profession/type of life

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Diane Arbus

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Taught by Lisette Model

Portraits of "freaks" often disturbing.

Accused by Susan Sontag of seeing all her subjects as "freaks"

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Berndt and Hilla Becher

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The berm and hill of the new land

New Topographers

Grids, types of buildings, and structures

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Imogeen Cunningham

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Im over it. Now want -gee-ometry of clunts and hams.

After early pictorial work, took a formal, geometric approach to photographing the nude.

Also made landscapes and portraits

Front 68

Edward Weston

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Ed Dub is a freak about nakedness all his life

Nudes using different approaches

Includes starkly abstract images and more sensual "portraits"

Some in nature

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Man Ray

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Rays of sunshine across the naked body

Many nudes

Experimental approach

Many solarizations

Front 70

Frederick Sommer

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Can't even spell summer ;; out of focus

Lost a foot...rough summer indeed

Out of focus nudes

Amputated foot

Front 71

Andre Kertesz

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Andre Agassi reflecting everything thrown at him

Distorted nudes made with curved sheets of reflective metal

Front 72

Hans Bellmer

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Creepy Hans handpainting bells

Made and shot mannequins, adding colour by hand

Front 73

E.J. Bellocq

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Bellocq the Creole

Large collection of photos of prostitutes in New Orleans.

Many of the glass plates have been scratched/defaced

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Bill Brandt

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Rembrandt's beautiful landscapes...wide angles of nakedness

Distorted nudes with extreme wide angle less

Believed he could use atmosphere to make the everyday beautiful

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John Coplans

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Coplans has no co-pilot, does it all himself

Nude self-portraits, close ups, great detail

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Sally Mann

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A perverted Mann by nature

Pictures of her children, often nude, much debated

Front 77

Jock Sturges

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Just a jock doing gross jock things

Assistant arrested for delivering nude teen photos to be developed

Accused of CP, eventually acquitted

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Robert Mapplethorpe

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Bob Maple ;)

S&M gay scenes as well as portraits, flowers, etc.

Retrospective show cancelled at Corcoran Museum in DC

Shown in Cincinnati, director arrested for displaying CP

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Andres Serrano

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Hot piss

Piss Christ

Conservative lawmakers pushed to stop the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA)

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Joel Peter Witkin

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Keeping his wits about him on the table

Photographs tableau - often based on well-known images from art history; very painterly ;; avoided criticism from senators angered by NEA funding of controversial work

Front 81

Aaron Siskind

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Sis growing up and mentally maturing

Shifted from documentary style -> abstract "painterly" pictures which he described as psychological in nature

Front 82

Cindy Sherman

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Cindy Brady

Photographed self in changing range of female character roles/personalities

Large catalog of types of late 20th century women

Influence of black and white film stills

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Sherrie Levine

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Marooned herself on the island of famous photos to study and question

Appropriated famous photos in order to question the belief in the unique qualities and authenticity of photos

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Christian Boltanski

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Bolting the sculptures to memory

Memory and forgetting

Sculptural pieces

Draws on archives

Front 85

Annette Messager

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Her own messenger from the past

Sculptural pieces, personal in nature drawn from personal archive of images

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Sandy Skoglund

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Swedish design

Photos elaborate sculptures she constructs for the picture

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Robert Rauschenberg

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Combining Germans and Jews

Uses photos and objects in paintings and sculptures ("Combines")

Front 88

Gerhard Richter

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The Richter scale - Of the earth/Atlas and over time

Made Atlas - catalog of his interests and ideas over time

Front 89

Doug and Mike Starn

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Doug and Mike in the morning! Larger than life and rough around the edges

Large scale photographic pieces, scratched, torn, toned

Front 90

David Hockney

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Hockney was a hack

Criticized photography; saying it doesn't accurately depict the way we see the world.

He made photoworks that are pieced together from numerous fragments

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Sigmar Polke

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Polke the painter "polking" holes in his prints

Painter interested in the way photographs change over time.

Frequently/improperly fixes his prints, rendering them unstable

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Andy Warhol

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Pop artist

Incorporated photographic images in his silk-screen paintings

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Modernism

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Movement in the arts; early 20th century

Modernist artists were drawn towards abstraction/subjective expression of unique (individual) interests

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Appropriation

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Use of pre-existing images (made by someone else) in artwork

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Post-Modernism

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1980's

Post-modern artists rejected Modernism

Returned to depicting the figure (as opposed to abstraction) and turned to appropriating mass produced images and mining popular culture for image sources

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Lewis Hine

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Lewis Hine

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Joseph Nicephore Niepce

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Joseph Nicephore Niepce

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W.H. Fox Talbot

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W.H. Fox Talbot

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W.H. Fox Talbot

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W.H. Fox Talbot

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W.H. Fox Talbot

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W.H. Fox Talbot

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W.H. Fox Talbot

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Garry Winogrand

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Alfred Stieglitz

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Alfred Stieglitz

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Alfred Stieglitz

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Ansel Adams

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Roger Fenton

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Roger Fenton

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Roger Fenton

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Robert Capa

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Robert Capa

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Weegee

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Julia Margaret Cameron

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Julia Margaret Cameron

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Carrie Mae Weems

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Larry Clark

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Nan Goldin

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Lee Friedlander

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Eugene Atget

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Walker Evans

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Walker Evans

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Robert Frank

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August Sander

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Diane Arbus

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Cindy Sherman

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Robert Rauschenberg