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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the letter א
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alef
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what is the letter ב, בּ
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bet
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what is the letter ג, גּ
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gimel
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what is the letter ד, דּ
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dalet
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what is the letter ה
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he
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what is the letter ו
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vav
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what is the letter ז
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zayin
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what is the letter ח
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het
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what is the letter ט
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tet
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what is the letter י
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yod
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what is the letter כ, כּ, ךְ
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kaf
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what is the letter ל
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lamed
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what is the letter מ, ם
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mem
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what is the letter נ, ן
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nun
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what is the letter ס
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samek
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what is the letter ע
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ayin
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what is the letter פ, פּ, ף
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pe
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what is the letter צ, ץ
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sade
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what is the letter ק
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qof
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what is the letter ר
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resh
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what is the letter שׂ
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sin
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what is the letter ש
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shin
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what is the letter ת, תּ
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tav
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what comes before and after א
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nothing before, bet after
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what comes before and after ב, בּ
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alef before, gimel after
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what comes before and after ג, גּ
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bet before, dalet after
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what comes before and after ד, דּ
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gimel before, he after
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what comes before and after ה
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dalet before, vav after
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what comes before and after ו
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he before, zayin after
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what comes before and after ז
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vav before, het after
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what comes before and after ח
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zayin before, tet after
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what comes before and after ט
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het before, yod after
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what comes before and after י
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tet before, kaf after
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what comes before and after כ, כּ, ךְ
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yod before, lamed after
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what comes before and after ל
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kaf before, mem after
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what comes before and after מ, ם
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lamed before, nun after
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what comes before and after נ, ן
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mem before, samek after
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what comes before and after ס
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nun before, ayin after
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what comes before and after ע
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samek before, pe after
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what comes before and after פ, פּ, ף
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ayin before, sade after
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what comes before and after צ, ץ
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pe before, qof after
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what comes before and after ק
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sade before, resh after
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what comes before and after ר
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qof before, sin after
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what comes before and after שׂ
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resh before, shin after
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what comes before and after ש
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sin before, tav after
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what comes before and after ת, תּ
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shin before, nothing after
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a hebrew syllable must begin with a _____ (or ____) and must have a single _____
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a hebrew syllable must begin with a consonant (or א,ע) and must have a single vowel
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a hebrew syllable may end with a ____ or a _____
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a hebrew syllable may end with a consonant or a vowel
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an open syllable ends with a _____, or with a final ___ or ___
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an open syllable ends with a vowel, or with a final א or ה
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a closed syllable ends wth a _____ (excluding final _ or _)
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a closed syllable ends wth a consonant (excluding final א or ה)
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what are the four possible syllable structures? Are they open or closed syllables?
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1 - CVC - closed unless last C is א or ה , 2 - CV - open , 3 - (C:)CVC - closed unless last C is א or ה , 4 - (C:)CV - open
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what are the step to discerning if a dagesh is forte or not?
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1 - if letter is non-BeGaD KeFaT (בגדכפת), then any dagesh is a DF , 2 - if letter is BeGaD KeFaT (בגדכפת), then check to see if consonant is preceded by a vowel sound , 3 - if letter is preceded by vowel sound => DF , 4 - if letter is not preceded by vowel sound (i.e. beginning of word or preceded by silent shewa) => DL
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what does a DF represent?
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a preceding double of the consonant + a silent shewa
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a DF always _____ the preceding syllable
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closes
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DL marks a ______ (as opposed to ______) ________ in בגדכפת consonants
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DL marks a plosive (as opposed to spirantic) pronunciation in בגדכפת consonants
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how do you determine whether a shewa is silent or vocal?
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1 - if a shewa (:) is composite (סְַ), then it is vocal ; 2 - if simple shewa is under 1st consonant of a syllable it is vocal (2a) - if consonant begins the word (2b) - if consonant follows long vowel (2c) - if consonant has DF, or (2d) - if consonant follows metheg |T ; 3 - if simple shewa is under last consonant of a closed syllable it is silent (3a) if consonant follows short vowel (3b) - if consonant follows long vowel in accented syllable, or (3c) - when part of double shewa form at end of word
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a vocal shewa marks a _____ vowel sound after the ___ _____ of a syllable
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a vocal shewa marks a reduced vowel sound after the first consonant of a syllable
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a silent shewa marks ___ _____ of any sound _____ the ____ consonant of a _____ syllable, therefore a silent shewa always _____ a syllable
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a silent shewa marks the absence of any sound after the last consonant of a closed syllable, therefore a silent shewa always closes a syllable
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the ָ is normally a ___
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qames, long-A
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the ָis a qames-hatuf in _____, ______ syllables, because those syllables require _____ vowels
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the ָis a qames-hatuf in closed, unaccented syllables, because those syllables require short vowels
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for ambiguous ָ, the metheg marks a _____ vowel (long-qames or short-qames-hatuf)
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for ambiguous ָ, the metheg marks a long vowel (qames)
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what kind of shewas do gutterals take (simple or composite)?
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gutterals take composite shewas סְַ ; there is not enough sound in a gutteral to pronounce
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gutterals (and ר) do/do not admit DF
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do not--gutterals cannot be doubled; saying 2 vomit sounds in a row is difficult
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gutterals (and sometimes ר) prefer _____ under or before them
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patah ַ; it is the easiest transition to a gutteral
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quiescent א is an א written without _____ or a _____, which usually causes the preceding vowel to _____
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quiescent א is an א written without a vowel or a shewa, which usually causes the preceding vowel to lengthen
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if accent is not marked, assume it is on the _____ syllable
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last
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closed, unaccented syllables _____ _____ vowels
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require short
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open, unaccented syllables _____ _____ vowels
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require long; except for pro-pretonic
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closed, accented syllables _____ _____ vowels
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prefer long
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open, accented syllables _____ ____ vowels
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prefer short
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originally open pro-pretonic syllables reduce the original short vowel to _ _____ _____
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a vocal shewa
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biblical ָ <= proto __
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ַ patah
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biblical ַ <= proto __
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ַ patah, does not reduce
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biblical ֶ <= proto ___
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sometimes ִ
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biblical ִ <= proto ___
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ִ hireq, does not reduce
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biblical ָ(qames-hatuf) <= proto ___
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ָ, qames-hatuf, does not reduce
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biblical ֻ <= proto ___
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ֻ qibbus, does not reduce
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biblical vocal shewas <= proto ___
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ַ patah
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biblical ָ (qames) <= proto ___
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ַ patah
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biblical ֵ <= proto ___
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ִ hireq
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biblical ֵי <= proto ___
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ֶי HLV, does not reduce
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biblical ֶי <= proto ___
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ֶי HLV, does not reduce
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biblical ִי <= proto ___
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ִי HLV, does not reduce
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biblical סֹ <= proto ___
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ָ (qames-hatuf)
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biblical וֹ <= proto ___
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וֹ HLV, does not reduce
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biblical וּ <= proto ___
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וּ HLV, does not reduce
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if a simple shewa is at the beginning of a word then it is _____ (vocal or silent)
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vocal
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if a simple shewa is at the end of a word then it is _____ (vocal or silent)
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silent
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if a simple shewa is in the middle of the word, then it is ____ if preceded by a ____ vowel and _____ if preceded by a _____ vowel
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if a simple shewa is in the middle of the word, then it is vocal if preceded by a long vowel and silent if preceded by a short vowel
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ה or א allows a syllable to remain ____
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open
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what are the gutterals?
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א, ע, ה, ח, (ר)
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what are the short vowels?
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patah - סַ , segol - סֶ , hireq - סִ , qames-hatuf - סָ , qibbus - סֻ
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what are the historic long vowels?
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sere-yod - ֵי, segol-yod - ֶי, hireq-yod - ִי, holem-vav - וֹ , shureq - וּ
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what are the non-historic long vowels?
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qames - ָ, sere - ֵ, holem - סֹ
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historic long vowels _____ _____
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never reduce
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if a short vowel reduces, it goes to _____
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shewa
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if a ַ lengthens, it lenghtens to a ____
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qames ָ
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if a ִ lengthenes, it lengthens to a _____
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sere ֵ
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if a qames-hatuf (ָ) lengthens, it lengthens to a _____
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holem סֹ
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dagesh forte _____ begins a word
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never
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a consonant with a vocal shewa--including a composite shewa--_____ constitutes a ____ in Hebrew
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never; syllable
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every ____ has a vowel; every vowel has a _____
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syllable
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the DF always indicates a ____ syllable because it represents a _____ letter with a silent shewa
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closed; doubled
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ָ (qames) in biblical hebrew was a _____ in proto
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ַ patah
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vocal shewa (סְ, סְַ, סְֶ, סְָ) in biblical hebrew was a _____ _____ in proto
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short vowel (frequently a patah)
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HLV are _____ _____ in proto and in biblical
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the same
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the _____ vowels in biblical hebrew are _____ _____ in proto
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short vowels
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the usual word order of a hebrew sentence is
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Verb-subject-object
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third person verbs have a(n) _______ pronoun
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inherent/implied
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